2-Methylcitric acid trisodium (Methylcitric acid trisodium) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid trisodium accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid trisodium markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate.

2-Methylcitric acid (Methylcitric acid) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate.

Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, and it is synthesized and secreted in response to renin-angiotensin system activation (RAS) or high dietary potassium by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone activity is dependent by the binding and activation of the cytoplasmic/nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at cellular level.

FAPy-adenine is an oxidized DNA base. Fapy-adenine shows an increased trend levels in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.

7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1.

Allotetrahydrocortisol (5a-Tetrahydrocortisol) is a metabolite of Cortisol. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in human. It is produced in adrenal cortex and plays a crucial role in many physiological processes.

Tetrahydrocortisone is a stress-induced hormone. Tetrahydrocortisone is also a urinary metabolite of Cortisone derived from the reduction of Cortisone by 5-reductase.

Cysteinylglycine TFA is an endogenous metabolite and used in disease diagnosis.

Mevalonic acid lithium salt, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway, is essential for cell growth and proliferation.

L-hydroxylysine dihydrochloride ((2S,5R)-5-Hydroxylysine dihydrochloride), an amino acid, is exclusive to collagen protein, which is formed by posttranslational hydroxylation of some lysine residues.

Sparfosic acid trisodium, is a potent inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamoyl transferase, with anti-tumor and antimetabolite activity. Aspartate transcarbamoyl transferase catalyzes the second step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis.

V-9302 hydrochloride is a competitive antagonist of transmembrane glutamine flux. V-9302 hydrochloride selectively and potently targets the amino acid transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5). V-9302 hydrochloride inhibits ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake (IC50=9.6 µM) in HEK-293 cells.

Bis-PEG1-PFP ester is a non-cleavable (1 unit PEG) ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Bis-PEG2-PFP ester is also a non-cleavable 2 unit PEG ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Bis-PEG2-PFP ester is also a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.

Carnostatine hydrochloride (SAN9812 hydrochloride) is a potent and selective carnosinase 1 (CN1) inhibitor with a Ki of 11 nM for human recombinant CN1. Carnostatine hydrochloride can be used for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN).

HAMI 3379 is a potent and selective Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT2) receptor antagonist. HAMI 3379 has a protective effect on acute and subacute ischemic brain injury, and attenuates microglia-related inflammation.

XL-784 free base is a selective matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor, with IC50s of ~1900, 0.81, 120, 10.8, 18, 0.56 nM for MMP-1，MMP-2，MMP-3，MMP-8，MMP-9，MMP-13，respectively.

(R)-CSN5i-3 is the (R)-enantiomer of CSN5i-3. CSN5i-3 is a potent, selective and orally available inhibitor of CSN5.

2-Selenouracil is a useful specialized photosensitizer for photodynamical therapy.

NUCC-390 is a novel and selective small-molecule CXCR4 receptor agonist. NUCC-390 can induce internalization of CXCR4 receptors.

(S)-IDO1-IN-5 (Example 1B) is an active S-isomer of IDO1-IN-5. (S)-IDO1-IN-5 binds to IDOL with an IC50 value less than 1.5 µΜ. IDO1-IN-5 is a potent, selective and brain penetrated inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity, binds to apo-IDO1 lacking heme rather than mature heme-bound IDO1.

(Rac)-IDO1-IN-5 (Example 1) is a racemate of IDO1-IN-5. IDO1-IN-5 is a potent, selective and brain penetrated inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity, binds to apo-IDO1 lacking heme rather than mature heme-bound IDO1.

(3R,4R)-A2-32-01 (compound 2), an anti-virulence drug, is a specific caseinolytic protein proteases (ClpP) inhibitor with an EC50 of 4.5 μM, and shows a tolerable cytotoxicity.

DBCO-NHCO-PEG4-NHS ester ester is a MMP-2- and cathepsin B- (CatB) cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

c(phg-isoDGR-(NMe)k) TFA is a selective and potent α5β1-integrin ligand with an IC50 of 2.9 nM.

RTI-118 is a novel small-molecule neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) antagonist. RTI-118 can relieve drug addiction including selectively decrease cocaine self-administration.

GSK1702934A is a selective TRPC3 agonist. GSK1702934A modulates cardiac contractility and f arrhythmogenesis by activation of TRPC3.

BIP-135 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive GSK-3 inhibitor, with IC50s of 16 nM and 21 nM for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively. BIP 135 exhibits neuroprotective effect.

CU-T12-9 is a specific TLR1/2 agonist with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. CU-T12-9 activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. CU-T12-9 selectively activates the TLR1/2 heterodimer, not TLR2/6. CU-T12-9 signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.

ML334 is a potent, cell permeable activator of NRF2 by inhibition of Keap1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction. ML334 binds to Keap1 Kelch domain with a Kd of 1 μM. ML334 stimulates NRF2 expression and nuclear translocation and induces antioxidant response elements (ARE) activity.