Paeoniflorgenin is a deglucosylated metabolite of Paeoniflorin.

Prunetin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is an isoflavone isolated from extracts of Potentilla astracanica. Prunetin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a potent and uncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, with an IC50 of 56.05 μg/mL. Prunetin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside can be used for the research of type-2 diabetes.

Azaleatin is an O-methylated flavonol isolated from Rhododendron species. Azaleatin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor. Azaleatin can be used for the research of type-2 diabetes and obesity.

Tectol, isolated from Lippia sidoides, exhibits significant activity against human leukemia cell lines HL60 and CEM. Tectol is a farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor with IC50s of 2.09 and 1.73 μM for human and T. brucei FTase, respectively. Tectol inhibits drug-resistant strain of P. falciparum (FcB1) with an IC50 of 3.44 μM.

Rubrofusarin triglucoside is a glycoside compound isolated from Cassia obtusifolia Linn seeds. Rubrofusarin triglucoside inhibits human monoamine oxidase A (hMAO-A) with an IC50 of 85.5 μM.

Chrysophanol triglucoside is an anthraquinone isolated from Cassia obtusifolia, inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase with IC50s of 80.17 and 197.06 μM, respectively. Chrysophanol triglucoside has the potential for diabetes research.

Chrysophanol-1-O-β-gentiobioside, an anthraquinone glycoside isolated from Cassia obtusifolia seeds. Chrysophanol-1-O-β-gentiobioside shows selective inhibition of hMAO-A isozyme activity (IC50=96.15 μM).

Senecionine acetate (O-Acetylsenecionine) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Senecionine acetate inhibits the sequestration of Ca2+ in extramitochondrial and mitochondrial compartments possibly by inactivating free sulfhydryl groups.

Homovanillyl alcohol is a biological metabolite of Hydroxytyrosol. Hydroxytyrosol is a phenolic compound that is present in virgin olive oil (VOO) and wine. Homovanillyl alcohol protects red blood cells (RBCs) from oxidative injury and has protective effect on cardiovascular disease.

all-trans-Anhydro Retinol (Anhydrovitamin A) is a metabolite of Vitamin A. all-trans-Anhydro Retinol is used in synthetic multivitamin preparations.

Icariside D2, isolated from Annona glabra fruit, inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme. Icariside D2 shows significant cytotoxic activity on the HL-60 cell line with the IC50 value of 9.0 ± 1.0 μM. Icariside D2 induces apoptosis .

Nε,Nε,Nε-Trimethyllysine chloride serves as a precursor for gut flora-dependent formation of N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA).

Lycoramine hydrobromide, a dihydro-derivative of galanthamine, is isolated from Lycoris radiate. Lycoramine hydrobromide is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor.

Ilexsaponin B2 is a saponin isolated from the root of Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn. Ilexsaponin B2 is a potent phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and PDEI inhibitor with IC50 values of 48.8 μM and 477.5 μM, respectively.

Sinapine hydroxide is an alkaloid isolated from seeds of the cruciferous species. Sinapine hydroxide exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and radio-protective effects. Sinapine hydroxide is also an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson’s disease.

Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside chloride (Ideain chloride) is a component from extract peel of hawthorn fruit (EPHF) with the value of 179.4 mg/g. EPHF exhibits strong AChE inhibitory activity.

O-Desmethylangolensin is a metabolite of soy isoflavone, daidzein metabolized by gut microbiota. O-Desmethylangolensin possesses antioxidant activity.

Oxyresveratrol 3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.64 μM.

Oxyresveratrol 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 29.75 μM.

β-Amyrenonol (11-Oxo-β-amyrin), an oleanolic-type triterpenoid in licorice roots, is a precursor of Glycyrrhetinic acid. β-Amyrenonol has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities, and β-Amyrenonol could function as the skeleton for the synthesis of many triterpenoids.

Ayanin is a bioflavonoid isolated from Croton schiedeanus Schlecht. Ayanin is a non-selective phosphodiesterase1-4 inhibitor and can be used for the study of respiratory disease,such as allergic asthma et al.

(+)-Afzelechin, isolated from rhizomes of Bergenia ligulata, is an alpha-glucosidase activity inhibitor with an ID50 (50% inhibition dose) value of 0.13 mM. (+)-Afzelechin can delay the absorption of carbohydrates in food to suppress postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.

Osthenol (Ostenol), a prenylated coumarin isolated from the dried roots of Angelica pubescens, is selective, reversible, and competitive human monoamine oxidase-A (hMAO-A) inhibitor (Ki=0.26 μM). Osthenol potently inhibits recombinant hMAO-A with an IC50 of 0.74 μM and shows a high selectivity index for hMAO-A versus hMAO-B.

Physostigmine hemisulfate (Eserine hemisulfate) is a potent cholinesterase inhibitor. Physostigmine hemisulfate crosses the blood-brain barrier and stimulates central cholinergic neurotransmission. Physostigmine hemisulfate induces reanimation from isoflurane anesthesia in adult rats.

Picfeltarraenin X, a triterpenoid isolated from Picria fel-terrae Lour, is an AChE inhibitor.

(S)-Higenamine ((S)-Norcoclaurine) hydrobromide, a S-enantiomer of Higenamine, is the entry compound in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. (S)-Higenamine hydrobromide is produced by the condensation of dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) by norcoclaurine synthase (NCS).

(S)-Higenamine ((S)-Norcoclaurine), a S-enantiomer of Higenamine, is the entry compound in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. (S)-Higenamine is produced by the condensation of dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) by norcoclaurine synthase (NCS).

Propylparaben sodium (Propyl parahydroxybenzoate) is an antimicrobial preservative which can be produced naturally by plants and bacteria. Propylparaben sodium is prevalently used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. Propylparaben sodium disrupts antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by altering the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways. Propylparaben sodium also decreases sperm number and motile activity in rats.

3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ), a main constituent of Rhamnus nakaharai, inhibits total cAMP and cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) of guinea pig trachealis. 3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ) exhibits IC50 values of 31.9 μM， 86.9 μM， 18.6 μM and 1.6 μM for PDE1, PDE5, PDE2 and PDE4, respectively.

3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (3,4-DHAP), isolated from Picea Schrenkiana Needles exhibits a strong suppressive action against tyrosinase activity, with an IC50 of 10 μM. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (3,4-DHAP) is a vasoactive agent and antioxidant.