Ubiquinol (Ubiquinol-10) is a reduced form of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Ubiquinol is a potent antioxidant that has the capacity to protect Vitamin E, and also helps to regenerate depleted vitamin E and Vitamin C. Ubiquinol is both lipophilic and hydrophilic and acts as transmembrane factor preventing lipid peroxidation and propagation by transferring electrons to ROS.

L-Epinephrine hydrochloride ((-)-Epinephrine hydrochloride; L-Adrenaline hydrochloride; (-)-Adrenalin hydrochloride), an endogenous neurotransmitter hormone, is used for the treatment of allergic and respiratory disorders.

Iretol (2,4,6-trihydroxyanisole) is a a degradation product of a glucoside obtained from Iris Jorentina. Iretol is an intermediate in the synthesis of natural isoflavones, such as Tectorigenin, Irigenin and Caviunin.

5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride (Benzyl-ALA hydrochloride) is a protoporphyrin precursor used as a photodetection agent. 5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride induces protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation in colon carcinoma cell lines.

5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine (5-OHdU) is a major stable oxidation product of 2'-Deoxycytidine. 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine can be incorporated into DNA in vitro by DNA polymerase.

N1,N8-Diacetylspermidine hydrochloride is a polyamines in the human urine. N1,N8-Diacetylspermidine hydrochloride is useful as prognostic indicators after treatment and during follow-up examination of cancer patients.

N1,N8-Diacetylspermidine is a polyamines in the human urine. N1,N8-Diacetylspermidine is useful as prognostic indicators after treatment and during follow-up examination of cancer patients.

D-methionine sulfoxide is the D-isomer of Methionine sulfoxide. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine. Methionine is the limiting amino acid in milk or leguminous proteins , which is easily oxidized during the course of storage or processing.

cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid (cis-9,10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid) is an endogenous constituent in human blood and urine. cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid (cis-9,10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid) can be produced from oleic acid by enzymic and non-enzymic epoxidation.

Lobeline sulfate (α-Lobeline sulfate; L-Lobeline sulfate) is a nonstimulant medication that can alter dopamine uptake in brain. Lobeline sulfate (α-Lobeline sulfate; L-Lobeline sulfate) inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and is effective in smoking cessation.

SAICAR is an intermediate of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis, activates pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) in an isozyme-selective manner, with an EC50 of 0.3 mM. SAICAR stimulates PKM2 and promotes cancer cell survival in glucose-limited conditions.

Resolvin D1 (RvD1), an endogenous pro-resolving mediator of inflammation, is derived from omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid during the resolution phase of acute inflammation. Resolvin D1 blocks proinflammatory neutrophil migration by regulating actin polymerization, reduces TNF-α–mediated inflammation in macrophages, and enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages.

Hydroxy bosentan (Ro 48-5033) is a primary metabolite of Bosentan (BOS) metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver. Ro 48-5033 assists BOS pharmacologically, retaining 10%-20% activities.

Simvastatin ammonium is an active metabolite of simvastatin lactone mediated by CYP3A4/5 in the intestinal wall and liver (pKa=5.5). Simvastatin ammonium reduces indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species and modulates OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene.

(±)20-HDHA ((±)20-HDoHE) is a racemic mixture and is an autoxidation product of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). (±)20-HDHA is also formed by peroxidation process in human platelets and rat brain homogenate.

11-Beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-Androsten-11β-ol-3,17-dione) is a steroid mainly found in the the adrenal origin (11β-hydroxylase is present in adrenal tissue, but absent in ovarian tissue). 11-Beta-hydroxyandrostenedione is a 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) isozymes inhibitor. As 4-androstenedione increases, measuring plasma 11-Beta-hydroxyandrostenedione can distinguish the adrenal or ovarian origin of hyperandrogenism.

Resolvin E1 (RvE1), a potent endogenous pro-resolving mediator of inflammation, is derived from omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Resolvin E1 is endogenously biosynthesized from EPA in the presence of Aspirin during the spontaneous resolution phase of acute inflammation, where specific cell-cell interactions occur. Resolvin E1 possesses unique counterregulatory actions that inhibit polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) transendothelial migration. Resolvin E1 also acts as a potent inhibitor of leukocyte infiltration, dendritic cell migration, and IL-12 production.

2-Methylcitric acid trisodium (Methylcitric acid trisodium) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid trisodium accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid trisodium markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate.

2-Methylcitric acid (Methylcitric acid) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate.

Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, and it is synthesized and secreted in response to renin-angiotensin system activation (RAS) or high dietary potassium by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone activity is dependent by the binding and activation of the cytoplasmic/nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at cellular level.

FAPy-adenine is an oxidized DNA base. Fapy-adenine shows an increased trend levels in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.

7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1.

Allotetrahydrocortisol (5a-Tetrahydrocortisol) is a metabolite of Cortisol. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in human. It is produced in adrenal cortex and plays a crucial role in many physiological processes.

Tetrahydrocortisone is a stress-induced hormone. Tetrahydrocortisone is also a urinary metabolite of Cortisone derived from the reduction of Cortisone by 5-reductase.

Cysteinylglycine TFA is an endogenous metabolite and used in disease diagnosis.

Mevalonic acid lithium salt, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway, is essential for cell growth and proliferation.

L-hydroxylysine dihydrochloride ((2S,5R)-5-Hydroxylysine dihydrochloride), an amino acid, is exclusive to collagen protein, which is formed by posttranslational hydroxylation of some lysine residues.

β-Cryptoxanthin ((3R)-β-Cryptoxanthin), isolated from Satsuma mandarin orange, is an oxygenated carotenoid and a potent antioxidant. β-Cryptoxanthin has an anti-stress effect.