13,14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 participates in Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 to alleviate opioid-induced constipation by 5-HT pathway.

1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-stearoyl glycerol (1,3-Palmitin-2-stearin) is a triacylglycerol in which palmitic acid is located at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, and stearic acid is at the sn-2 position. The levels of 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-stearoyl glycerol are associated with energy depletion caused by reduced food intake in rats.

1,3-Capryloyl-2-oleoylglycerol is a triglyceride. 1,3-Capryloyl-2-oleoylglycerol has its hydroxyl groups at the 1 and 3 positions of glycerol acylated by Caprylic acid and the hydroxyl group at the 2 position acylated by Oleic acid in its molecule.

1,2-Stearin-3-linolein is a triacylglycerol. 1,2-Stearin-3-linolein has Stearic acid at sn-1 and sn-2 positions, and contains Linoleic acid at sn-3 position.

1,2,3-tri-γ-Linolenoyl glycerol is a triacylglycerol with γ-linolenic acid attached to the three esterification sites (1, 2 and 3) of glycerol.

(5α)-3,6-Dioxocholan-24-oic acid is a secondary bile acid.

(±)-Δ7-Mesembrenone is a mesembrine-type alkaloid which can be extracted from various Sceletium.

(±)7(S),8(R)-EDT is an isomer of 7,8-EDT.

(+/-)-Adomeglivant ((+/-)-LY2409021) is a potent and selective glucagon receptor antagonist with hypoglycemic activity. (+/-)-Adomeglivant is effective in lowering blood sugar levels in both healthy people and people with type 2 diabetes. (+/-)-Adomeglivant is well tolerated by glucagon signaling blockade in patients with type 2 diabetes and significantly reduces fasting and postprandial blood glucose with a concomitant reversible elevation of aminotransferases. Glucagon signaling inhibition by (+/-)-Adomeglivant is a promising potential inhibitory approach for patients with type 2 diabetes and warrants further evaluation of its benefits and risks in longer clinical trials.

N4-Acetylcytidine triphosphate is efficiently used as a substrate in T7 Polymerase-catalyzed in vitro transcription and can be incorporated into multiple templates.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) functions as a versatile signaling molecule, acting both intracellularly and extracellularly. Within cells, it serves as a secondary messenger, playing a key role in calcium ion (Ca²⁺) mobilization. Externally, S1P acts as a ligand, binding to and activating a range of G protein-coupled receptors, including S1P1-5 receptors as well as GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. This bioactive lipid is synthesized from sphingomyelin and other membrane phospholipids, highlighting its importance as a critical mediator in various cellular processes.

N-β-alanyldopamine hydrochloride, commonly referred to as NBAD hydrochloride, stands as the primary dopamine derivative found in haemolymph.

1,3-Butanediol, an ethanol dimer providing a source of calories for human nutrition. 1,3-Butanediol is converted in the body to β-hydroxybutyrate and has cerebral protective and hypoglycaemic effect.

L-Palmitoylcarnitine TFA, a long-chain acylcarnitine and a fatty acid metabolite, accumulates in the sarcolemma and deranges the membrane lipid environment during ischaemia.

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is one of the major PGs actively produced in the brain of various mammals. Prostaglandin D2 is one of the most potent endogenous sleep promoting substances. PGD2 plays a protective role by suppressing inflammation.

N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid, a N-acyl-L-amino acid, is a component of animal cell culturing media. N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human.

L-Carnitine hydrochloride ((R)-Carnitine hydrochloride), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine hydrochloride functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine hydrochloride is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine hydrochloride can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism.

2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate disodium is reductively methylated to dTMP (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate) by bisubstrate enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS). dTMP is a nucleotide required for DNA synthesis.

2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium (5′-dGMP disodium) is a mononucleotide having guanine as the nucleobase. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP) derivative.

2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage.

Cytidine diphosphate is a nucleoside diphosphate that acts as a carrier for phosphorylcholine, diacylglycerol, and other molecules during phospholipid synthesis.

18-Hydroxycortisol is an endogenous steroid that secreted by the adrenal cortex. 18-Hydroxycortisol is a cortisol derivative and a steroidogenic intermediate. 18-Hydroxycortisol can be used for primary aldosteronism (PA) research.

Vitamin D3 octanoate is an octanoate ester of vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 induces cell differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells.

NMTCA (NMTPRO) is a sulfur-containing N-nitrosamino acid. NMTCA can be used as an indicator of endogenous nitrosation by gas chromatography-thermalenergyanalysis.

Geranyl diphosphate is a key intermediate in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway (IBP).

Levoleucovorin (Levofolinic acid) is the pharmacologically active levoisomer of racemic leucovorin. Levoleucovorin can be used as a rescue agent after high-dose Methotrexate therapy, and in combination with fluorouracil for the research of advanced metastatic colorectal cancer.

Metanephrine is the O-methylated metabolite of epinephrine that can be used for the research of diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.

UDP-Galactose is a monosaccharide involved in nucleotide sugar metabolism. UDP-Galactose and its derivatives act as a natural agonist for Gi protein-conjugated P2Y14 receptors in the immune system (IC50=0.67 μM, hP2Y14).

Galactonic acid is a sugar acid that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose dehydrogenase is responsible for converting galactose to galactonolactone, which then spontaneously or enzymatically converts to galactonic acid.

Mannose 1-phosphate is an endogenous metabolite. Mannose 1-phosphate can be used to synthesize GDP-Man by the enzyme GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase.