Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester, also known as Epadel and AMR-101, is an omega-3 fatty acid agent used as adjunct therapy for severe hypertriglyceridemia. Eicosapentaenoic acid lowers triglyceride levels without increasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Edrophonium Chloride, also known as Tensilon, is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Edrophonium Chloride has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.

Eberconazole Nitrate, also known as Ebernet, is an azole antifungal agent and broad-spectrum imidazole derivative. Eberconazole Nitrate is effective in dermatophytoses, candidiasis, and pityriasis treatment.

Dipyrone, also known as Anador and NSC-73205, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain (postoperative, colic, cancer, and migraine).

Desipramine Hydrochloride, also known as Norpramin and EX-4355, is a tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine Hydrochloride selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. Desipramine Hydrochloride also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

Colfosceril Palmitate, also known as 129Y-83 and DPPC, is the primary surface-active agent of natural lung surfactant and the major constituent of exogenous surface replacement preparations. Colfosceril Palmitate is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Clonixin, also known as lysine clonixinate and Deltar, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory used in the treatment of migraines.

Choline Alfoscerate, also known as Alpha GPC and L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, is a component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. Choline Alfoscerate is a precursor in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids and increases the bioavailability of choline in nervous tissue. Choline Alfoscerate is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias.

Chlormidazole Hydrochloride, also known as H-115 and Myco-polycid, is an imidazole antifungal used to treat cutaneous fungal infections.

Carbazochrome, also known as Adona and AC-17, is a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance and activates platelet factors.

Carbasalate Calcium, also known as Alcacyl and Omegin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and fever.

Bunazosin Hydrochloride, also known as Andante and E-643, is an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist used as a systemic antihypertensive and an ocular hypotensive drug.

Bufexamac, also known as Droxaryl and CP-1044-J-3, is a benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. Bufexamac is used to treat various skin disorders.

Broxyquinoline, also known as Dibromoxyquinoline and NSC-1810, is a tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor used to treat vaginitis. Broxyquinoline induces VEGF transcription and shows angiogenic effects, stabilizes HIF-1α, and shows antiprotozoal and antifungal effects in vivo.

Bromperidol, also known as Impromen and R-11333, is used as a means of long-term maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Bromperidol is a close structural analogue of haloperidol. C3435T polymorphism is associated with some therapeutic response to bromperidol in schizophrenic patients, possibly by different drug concentration in the brain.

Bromisoval, also known as bromovalerylurea, is a bromide-containing sedative-hypnotic that is occasionally combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in over-the-counter products. Bromisoval suppresses expression of many kinds of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in LPS- or interferon-γ activated alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. Bromisoval is used to treat anxiety.

Bifemelane, also known as MCI-2016, is a nootropic drug used to treat cerebral infarction and Alzheimer's disease. At concentrations of 10 - 30 microM, Bifemelane induced a slow onset and small increase in the [Ca2+]i, while at higher concentrations (100 - 300 microM), it induced a rapid transient increase in the [Ca2+]i during administration and a second large increase was seen during drug washout.

Benzyl Nicotinate, also known as Rubriment and Pycaril, is a GPR109A receptor agonist and GPR109B receptor agonist used as a rubefacient.

Benzoyl Peroxide, also known as Bepio and CD-1579, is a bactericidal agent, peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy dermatitis. Benzoyl Peroxide is used also as a bleach in the food industry.

Benzonatate, also known as Tessalon and KM-65, is a sodium channel protein antagonist. Benzonatate's mechanism of action is thought to be anesthesia of vagal sensory nerve fibers that mediate cough. Vagal sensory neurons highly express the Nav1.7 subtype of voltage-gated sodium channels, and inhibition of this channel inhibits the cough reflex.

Benorilate, also known as Win-11450, is an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Benorilate has less severe side effects than aspirin.

Benidipine Hydrochloride, also known as KW-3049 and Coniel, is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist used to treat hypertension and angina pectoris. Benidipine Hydrochloride has been reported to reduce oxidative stress.

Bendazac, also known as Bendazolic acid and AF-983, is an anticataract drug. It has been reported that Bendazac acts by preventing protein denaturation.

Benactyzine Hydrochloride, also known as Suavitil, is a centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.

Aurothioglucose hydrate, also known as gold thioglucose and Solganal, is an inhibitor of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase used to treat active rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Auranofin, also known as Ridaura and SKF-39162, is an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Auranofin's exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. Auranofin's efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious.

Amezinium Metilsulfate, also known as Regulton and LU-1631, is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor which exclusively affects postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Amezinium Metilsulfate is used to treat hypotension.

Altizide, also known as Aldactacine and P-1779, is a thiazide diuretic used to treat oedema and hypertension.

Ajmaline, also known as Gilurytmal and Ritmos, is a sodium channel blocker used to treat arrhythmia. Ajmaline is also often used to bring out typical findings of ST elevations in patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome.

Aceclofenac, also known as Airtal and YT-919, is a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor used to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Aceclofenac has improved gastrointestinal tolerance compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Pazufloxacin Mesylate, also known as Pazucross and T-3762, is a quinolone antibacterial agent used for the intravenous therapy of several infections.

Perzinfotel, also known as EAA-090; WAY-126090, is a NMDA receptor antagonist potentially for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain. EAA-090 inhibited [(3)H]3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid binding to NMDA receptors with IC(50) value of 28 nM. IC(50) values for inhibition of current induced by 10 microM NMDA was 477nM.

Bimosiamose, also known as TBC-1269, is a L/E/P-selectin antagonist potentially for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary. Bimosiamose attenuates airway inflammation in COPD. Bimosiamose, an inhaled small-molecule pan-selectin antagonist, attenuates late asthmatic reactions following allergen challenge in mild asthmatics.

Phthalocyanine is an intensely blue-green-coloured aromatic macrocyclic compound that is widely used in dyeing. Phthalocyanine can be used as an agent for Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging. Phthalocyanines form coordination complexes with most elements of the periodic table. These complexes are also intensely colored and also are used as dyes or pigments.

Noscapine, also known as Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen, Anarcotine and (archaic) Opiane, is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the poppy family, without painkilling properties. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. Noscapine's antitussive effects appear to be primarily mediated by its σ–receptor agonist activity. Evidence for this mechanism is suggested by experimental evidence in rats. Pretreatment with rimcazole, a σ-specific antagonist, causes a dose-dependent reduction in antitussive activity of noscapine. Noscapine, and its synthetic derivatives called noscapinoids, are known to interact with microtubules and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Noscapine HCl was discontinued.

Ispronicline, also known as AZD3480; TC 1734; TC-0173, and RJR 1734, is a alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist with cognition-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. Ispronicline is potentially useful for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults.

Pyridoxine (also called pyridoxol, not to be confused with pyridoxal) is one form of vitamin B6. Its hydrochloride salt, pyridoxine hydrochloride, is used as a vitamin B6 dietary supplement.

Sulmazole is a positive inotrope sulmazole inhibits the function of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins by affecting GTP turnover. Sulmazole effects on mechanical performance of hypoxic and reoxygenated isolated mammalian myocardium. Sulmazole (AR-L 115BS) activates the sheep cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel in the presence and absence of calcium.

Sulopenem, also known as CP-70429, is a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor.Sulopenem showed potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas maltophilia. CP-70,429 was stable to various types of beta-lactamases except for the enzyme from X. maltophilia and was 16- to 128-fold more active than the other compounds against beta-lactamase-producing strains of Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii.

Sultamicillin, also known as CP-49952 and VD 1827, is an oral form of the antibiotic combination (codrug or mutual prodrug) ampicillin/sulbactam. It contains esterified ampicillin and sulbactam and is marketed under a number of trade names,Unasyn from Pfizer. After absorption, sultamicillin releases ampicillin and sulbactam into the system, so all the antibacterial efficacy of sultamicillin is due to ampicillin and sulbactam. Ampicillin exerts antibacterial activity against sensitive organisms by inhibiting biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide where as sulbactam irreversibly inhibits most important beta-lactamases that occur in resistant strains.

Isoindigotin is a potential antileukemic agent.

Nicotinamide riboside, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+. NR blocks degeneration of surgically severed dorsal root ganglion neurons ex vivo and protects against noise-induced hearing loss in living mice. Nicotinamide riboside prevents muscle, neural and melanocyte stem cell senescence. Increased muscular regeneration in mice has been observed after treatment with nicotinamide riboside, leading to speculation that it might improve regeneration of organs such as the liver, kidney, and heart. Nicotinamide riboside also lowers blood glucose and fatty liver in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic models while preventing the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Note: Nicotinamide Riboside chloride is a α/β mixture

Bisbenzimide, also known as Pibenzimol, Hoechst 33258, is a cell-permeable, benzimidazole dye that binds to the minor groove of double stranded DNA with preference for adenine and thymine-rich sequences.

Pseudouridine (abbreviated by the Greek letter psi- Ψ) is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine in which the uracil is attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond. It is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA. Ψ is found in all species and in many classes of RNA. Ψ is formed by enzymes called Ψ synthases, which post-transcriptionally isomerize specific uridine residues in RNA in a process termed pseudouridylation.

Ocaperidone, also known as R 79598, is a highly potent and efficacious dopamine-D2 antagonist with concomitant, equivalent serotonin 5-HT2 antagonism. Ocaperidone inhibited dopamine agonist (apomorphine, amphetamine or cocaine)-induced behavioral effects at low doses (0.014-0.042 mg/kg). Ocaperidone completely blocked the dopamine agonist behavior at slightly higher doses (0.064 mg/kg). Ocaperidone is expected to exert pronounced haloperidol-like effects on the positive symptoms of schizophrenic patients but with risperidone-like low extrapyramidal side effect liability and improved patient compliance.

Tinoridine, also known as Y-3642, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Tinoridine, at concentrations from 5 microM up to 100 microM, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition on the simultaneous increases in lipid peroxide formation and renin release induced by 50 microM ascorbic acid in the renin granule fraction. On the other hand, indomethacin, hydrocortisone and prednisolone, which had no ability to inhibit the lipid peroxidation in the renin granule fraction, did not influence the release of renin from the granules. These results suggest that tinoridine suppresses renin release by inhibiting the oxidative disintegration of membranes of renin granules.

PSNCBAM-1 is a CB1 receptor negative allosteric modulator (IC50 values are 45 and 209 nM) with hypophagic effects in vivo. PSNCBAM-1 allosteric antagonism may provide viable therapeutic alternatives to orthosteric CB(1) antagonists/inverse agonists in the treatment of CNS disease.

Phosphoethanolamine, also known as Phosphoethanolamine or calcium EAP, is a vital component in the structure of cell membranes in the human body. Ca-AEP has been shown to help maintain cell membrane integrity and improve cellular functions. Calcium 2-AEP is manufactured by numerous nutraceutical companies and is sold online and in health food stores.

Sacubitril, also known as AHU377, is angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor being studied for use in combination with valsartan for heart failure. Sacubitril is a prodrug that is activated to LBQ657 by de-ethylation via esterases. LBQ657 inhibits the e

Hematoporphyrin, also known as Photodyn, Sensibion, is an endogenous porphyrin formed by the acid hydrolysis of hemoglobin. Nencki and Zaleski determined its chemical structure in 1900. Hematoporphyrin has been used as an antidepressant and antipsychotic since the 1920s.

Lincomycin, also known as U-10149, is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis. A related compound, clindamycin, is derived from lincomycin by using thionyl chloride to replace the 7-hydroxy group with a chlorine atom with inversion of chirality. Although similar in structure, antibacterial spectrum, and mechanism of action to macrolides, lincomycin is also effective against other organisms including actinomycetes and some species of Mycoplasma and Plasmodium. However, because of its adverse effects and toxicity, it is rarely used today and reserved for patients allergic to penicillin or where bacteria have developed resistance.

Thiram is a fungicide, ectoparasiticide, and animal repellent. It is used to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.

β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic heptamer composed of seven glucose units joined "head-to-tail" by alpha-1.4 links. It is produced by the action of the enzyme, cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase (CGT)，on hydrolyzed starch syrups. Cyclodextrins are able to form host-guest complexes with hydrophobic molecules given the unique nature imparted by their structure. As a result, these molecules have found a number of applications in a wide range of fields. β-cyclodextrins are used to produce HPLC columns allowing chiral enantiomers separation, and are also the main ingredient in P&G's product Febreze which claims that the β-cyclodextrins "trap" odor causing compounds, thereby reducing the odor.

Pasireotide, also known as SOM230, is an orphan drug approved for the treatment of Cushing's disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy. It was developed by Novartis. Pasireotide is a somatostatin analog with a 40-fold increased affinity to somatostatin receptor 5 compared to other somatostatin analogs.

Amtolmetin guacil, also known ST-679 and MED-15, is a non-acidic prodrug of tolmetin, having similar NSAID properties like tolmetin with additional analgesic, antipyretic, and gastro protective properties. Amtolmetin is formed by amidation of tolmetin by glycine. Amtolmetin guacil stimulates capsaicin receptors present on gastro intestinal walls, because of presence of vanillic moiety and also releases NO which is gastro protective. It also inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase (COX).

Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV), also known BMOV is a Potent insulin mimetic. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) normalizes glucose and lipid values and restores food and fluid intake to control levels in diabetic rats without increasing insulin levels (0.37 mmol/kg). It attenuates hyperinsulinemia and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Its mechanism of action includes inhibition of PTP1B as well as other tyrosine phosphatases. The drug is nontoxic in vitro at useful concentrations and displays no signs of toxicity in mice at high oral doses.

Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant that acts at the reticular formation in the brain stem by blocking voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. Tolperisone is indicated for use in the treatment of pathologically increased tone of the cross-striated muscle caused by neurological diseases (damage of the pyramidal tract, multiple sclerosis, myelopathy, encephalomyelitis) and of spastic paralysis and other encephalopathies manifested with muscular dystonia.

Importazole is a small molecule inhibitor of the transport receptor importin-β. Importazole specifically inhibits the function of importin-β, likely by altering its interaction with RanGTP. Importazole is a valuable tool to evaluate the function of the importin-β/RanGTP pathway at specific stages during the cell cycle.

Castanospermine is an indolizidine alkaloid first isolated from the seeds of Castanospermum australe. It is a potent inhibitor of some glucosidase enzymes and has antiviral activity in vitro and in mouse models. Castanospermine was a lead to celgosivir.

Phlorizin, also referred to as phloridzin, is a glucoside of phloretin, a dihydrochalcone, a family of bicyclic flavonoids, which in turn is a subgroup in the diverse phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway in plants. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2 because it competes with D-glucose for binding to the carrier; this reduces renal glucose transport, lowering the amount of glucose in the blood. Phlorizin was studied as a potential pharmaceutical treatment for type 2 diabetes, but has since been superseded by more selective and more promising synthetic analogs, such as canagliflozin and dapagliflozin.

Decylubiquinone is an analog of ubiquinone. Decylubiquinone increases mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. decylubiquinone inhibits the redox-activated mitochondrial permeability transition. It blocks reactive oxygen species production in response to glutathione depletion and inhibits activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition.

Clorgyline, also known as Clorgiline, M&B 9302 or MB9302, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) structurally related to pargyline which is described as an antidepressant. Specifically, it is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Clorgiline was never marketed, but it has found use in scientific research. In addition to its actions as an MAOI, clorgiline has been found to bind with high affinity to the σ1 receptor (Ki = 3.2 nM) and with very high affinity to the I2 imidazoline receptor (an allosteric site on the monoamine oxidase enzyme) (Ki = 40 pM).

Etidronate disodium, also known as SM-5600 or 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), is a bisphosphonate used in detergents, water treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutical treatment. Etidronic acid is a chelating agent and may be added to bind or, to some extent, counter the effects of substances, such as calcium, iron or other metal ions, which may be discharged as a component of grey wastewater and could conceivably contaminate groundwater supplies. As a phosphonate it has corrosion inhibiting properties on unnalloyed steel. Etidronic acid also acts to retard rancidification and oxidation of fatty acids.

Altrenogest, also known as allyltrenbolone or allyltrienolone, is a steroidal progestin of the 19-nortestosterone and allyltestosterone groups related to allylestrenol, norgestrienone, and trenbolone that is widely used in veterinary medicine to suppress or synchronize estrus in horses and pigs. It is available for veterinary use in both Europe (as Regumate) and the United States (as Matrix), and has been marketed as Regumate since the early 1980s.

Carbimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism. Carbimazole is a pro-drug as after absorption it is converted to the active form, methimazole. Methimazole prevents thyroid peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine).

Ornidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. It has been investigated for use in Crohn's disease after bowel resection. Synthesis is a straightforward reaction between 2-methyl-nitroimidazole and epichlorohydrin under acid catalyst conditions. After passive absorption into bacterium cell, the nitro group of ornidazole is reduced to amine group by ferrodoxin type redox system. The formation of redox intermediate intracellular metabolites is believed to be the key component of microorganism killing for Ornidazole. The drug is active against anaerobic bacteria viz. Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, B. fragilis, Prevotella, Porphyronomas, Fusobacterium and protozoa viz. E. histolytica, T. vaginalis, G. intestinalis etc.

Dimetridazole is a drug that combats protozoan infections. It is a nitroimidazole class drug. It has been banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive. It used to be commonly added to poultry feed. This led to it being found in eggs. Because of suspicions of it being carcinogenic its use has been legally limited but it is still found in the eggs.

Terbutaline is a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. Terbutaline is used as a fast-acting bronchodilator (often used as a short-term asthma treatment) and as a tocolytic[4] to delay premature labor. The inhaled form of terbutaline starts working within 15 minutes and can last up to 6 hours.

Luminol is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to-pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water. Forensic investigators use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood at crime scenes, as it reacts with the iron in haemoglobin. Biologists use it in cellular assays to detect copper, iron, and cyanides, as well as specific proteins by western blot.

Moroxydine is an antiviral agent. Moroxydine targets DNA and RNA viruses including measles, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and hepatitis C, and formulations containing moroxydine are used to treat the symptoms of influenza virus strain A.

Benazeprilat, also known as CGS 14831, is an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE; IC50 = 0.28 nM in plasma from dog) and the active metabolite of the prodrug benazepril.

Terreic Acid is a cell-permeable quinone epoxide that selectively inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) catalytic activity (IC50s = 10 and 3 μM for basal and activation levels, respectively). Terreic Acid recapitulated the phenotypic defects of btk mutant mast cells in high-affinity IgE receptor-stimulated wild-type mast cells without affecting the enzymatic activities and expressions of many other signaling molecules, including those of protein kinase C. Terreic acid is a covalent inhibitor of the bacterial cell wall biosynthetic enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (MurA) .

Psoromic Acid is a selective and covalent Rab-prenylation inhibitor targeting autoinhibited RabGGTase. Psoromic acid (PA) potently and selectively inhibits RabGGTase with an IC(50) of 1.3 μM. Mutation of (α)His dramatically enhances the reaction rate, indicating that the activity of RabGGTase is likely regulated in vivo. The covalent binding of PA to the N-terminus of the RabGGTase α subunit seems to potentiate its interaction with the active site and explains the selectivity of PA for RabGGTase. Psoromic acid provides a new starting point for the development of selective RabGGTase inhibitors.

Spirolaxine is a natural product isolated from Sporotrichum laxum ATCC 15155, which has shown a variety of biological activities including promising anti-Helicobacter pylori property.

Ceftazidime is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used as an antimicrobial agent. It is used for treating febrile neutropenia in patients with cancer. It is a third-generation cephalosporin. As a class, cephalosporins have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The balance of activity tips toward Gram-positive organisms for earlier generations; later generations of cephalosporins have more Gram-negative coverage. Ceftazidime is one of the few in this class with activity against Pseudomonas.

Quinoxaline, also called a benzopyrazine, in organic chemistry, is a heterocyclic compound containing a ring complex made up of a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. It is a colorless oil that melts just above room temperature. Although quinoxaline itself is mainly of academic interest, quinoxaline derivatives are used as dyes, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotics such as olaquindox, carbadox, echinomycin, levomycin and actinoleutin.

Norepinephrine is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine directly stimulates adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction of the radial smooth muscle of the iris, arteries, arterioles, veins, urinary bladder, and the sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors causes an increase in myocardial contractility, heart rate, automaticity, and atrioventricular (AV) conduction while stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors causes bronchiolar and vascular smooth muscle dilatation.

Quercetin is a plant polyphenol from the flavonoid group, found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, and grains. It can be used as an ingredient in supplements, beverages, or foods. Quercetin has been reported to inhibit the oxidation of other molecules and hence is classified as an antioxidant. Quercetin contains a polyphenolic chemical substructure that stops oxidation by acting as a scavenger of free radicals that are responsible for oxidative chain reactions. Quercetin also activates or inhibits the activities of a number of proteins.

Ibipinabant, also known as BMS-646256, JD-5001 and SLV-319, is a potent and highly selective CB1 antagonist. It has potent anorectic effects in animals, and was researched for the treatment of obesity, although CB1 antagonists as a class have now fallen out of favour as potential anorectics following the problems seen with rimonabant, and so ibipinabant is now only used for laboratory research, especially structure-activity relationship studies into novel CB1 antagonists.

Cetraxate, also known as DV-1006, is an oral gastrointestinal medication which has a cytoprotective effect.

Lanolin, also known as wool wax or wool grease, is a yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid. Lanolin contains a complex combination of esters and polyesters, consisting chiefly of cholesteryl and isocholesteryl esters of the higher fatty acids. Lanolin and its many derivatives are used extensively in both the personal care (e.g., high value cosmetics, facial cosmetics, lip products) and health care sectors such as topical liniments. Lanolin is also found in lubricants, rust-preventive coatings, shoe polish, and other commercial products. Lanolin is a relatively common allergen and is often misunderstood as a wool allergy. However, allergy to a lanolin-containing product is difficult to pinpoint and often other products containing lanolin may be fine for use. Patch testing can be done if a lanolin allergy is suspected.

Echinomycin is a peptide antibiotic. It intercalates into DNA at two specific sites, thereby blocking the binding of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha).

Oligomycin A, also known as MCH 32, is an inhibitor of ATP synthase. Oligomycin A inhibits ATP synthase by blocking its proton channel (Fo subunit), which is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (energy production). The inhibition of ATP synthesis by oligomycin A will significantly reduce electron flow through the electron transport chain; however, electron flow is not stopped completely due to a process known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling. This process is due to facilitated diffusion of protons into the mitochondrial matrix through an uncoupling protein such as thermogenin, or UCP1.

Amantadine is a drug that has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use both as an antiviral and an anti-parkinsonian drug. Amantadine is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake. Amantadine probably does not inhibit MAO enzyme. Moreover, the mechanism of its antiparkinsonian effect is poorly understood.[citation needed] The drug has many effects in the brain, including release of dopamine and norepinephrine from nerve endings. It appears to be a weak NMDA receptor antagonist as well as an anticholinergic, specifically a nicotinic alpha-7 antagonist like the similar pharmaceutical memantine.

Tiapride is a drug that selectively blocks D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the brain. It is used to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders including dyskinesia, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, negative symptoms of psychosis, and agitation and aggression in the elderly. Tiapride is a dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is more selective than other neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol and risperidone, which not only target four of the five known dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-4), but also block serotonin (5-HT2A, 2C), α1- and α2-adrenergic, and histamine H1 receptors.

Azeliragon 2HCl (also known as TTP488 2HCl and PF-04494700 2HCl) is a potent and orally bioactive RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products) inhibitor that has the potential for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. RAGE is a pattern recognition receptor that affects the movement of amyloid (a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease) into the brain. In preclinical studies, azeliragon decreased brain amyloid in mice and improved their performance on behavior tests. Azeliragon has been shown to be involved in adaptive immune responses. It is currently in Phase 3 clinical trial.

Methylisothiazolinone, also known as MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazoline), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications.

Methylisothiazolinone, also known as MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazoline), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications.

Tylosin, also known as Tylosin A, is an antibiotic and a bacteriostatic feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae. It is a macrolide antibiotic. Tylosin is used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections in a wide range of species and has a high margin of safety. It has also been used as a growth promotant in some species, and as a treatment for colitis in companion animals.

Pinostrobin is a flavonoid with diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Pinostrobin is a dietary bioflavonoid discovered more than 6 decades ago in the heart-wood of pine (Pinus strobus). Pinostrobin has depicted many pharmacological activities including anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-leukaemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-aromatase activities. It is an inhibitor of sodium channel and Ca(2+) signalling pathways and also inhibits intestinal smooth muscle contractions.

Albofungin, also known as Antibiotic P42-1, Antibiotic P42-C, is a xanthone isolated from A. tumemacerans with diverse biological activities.

Disopyramide is an antiarrhythmic medication used in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. It is a sodium channel blocker and therefore classified as a Class 1a anti-arrhythmic agent. Disopyramide has a negative inotropic effect on the ventricular myocardium, significantly decreasing the contractility. Disopyramide also has an anticholinergic effect on the heart which accounts for many adverse side effects. Disopyramide is available in both oral and intravenous forms, and has a low degree of toxicity.

Pirlindole is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) which was developed and is used in Russia as an antidepressant. It is structurally and pharmacologically related to metralindole. Pirlindole is approved in some European and non-European countries for the treatment of depression. Pirlindole has an absolute bioavailability of between 20 and 30% due to an extensive first-pass effect. Orally, the Tmax varies between 2.5 and 6 h in the rat and 0.8 and 2 h in the dog.

Tetrindole was a drug candidate that functions by reversibly inhibiting monoamine oxidase A; it was first synthesized in Moscow in the early 1990s. Tetrindole is similar in its chemical structure to pirlindole (Pyrazidol), and metralindole.

Tropodithietic acid is a broad spectrum tropolone antibiotic with activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Trilaurin is a triacylglycerol found in dietary fats. Trilaurin can be used in cosmetic products as an thickening agent. Trilaurin can be also used to make nanopartice drug formulation.

Tetryzoline, also known as tetrahydrozoline, is a derivative of imidazoline, is found in over-the-counter eye drops and nasal sprays. Other derivatives include naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline. Tetrahydrozoline is an alpha agonist and its main mechanism of action is the constriction of conjunctival blood vessels. This serves to relieve the redness of the eye caused by minor ocular irritants. To treat allergic conjunctivitis, tetryzoline can be combined in a solution with antazoline.

Equilenin is an equine estrogen found in the urine of pregnant mares. Equilenin is also a naturally fluorescent steroid, has high binding affinity for human sex steroid-binding protein (SBP). At 4 degrees C the equilibrium association constant is approximately 6 X 10(7) M-1.

Mabuterol is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor agonist. Mabuterol has a specific effect on beta 2-adrenoceptors with no beta 1-stimulation. Mabuterol inhibited the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline at 10(-7) g/ml and decreased the maximum driving frequency at 3 X 10(-6) g/ml. Mabuterol was 3 times more potent in relaxing the isolated rat uterus, but 700 times less potent than isoprenaline in relaxing the rabbit jejunum. Mabuterol (p.o.) depressed the intestinal propulsion and was equipotent to isoprenaline and 2.5 times less potent than salbutamol.

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops. The discovery of neomycin dates back to 1949. It was discovered in the lab of Selman Waksman. Neomycin belongs to aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that contain two or more aminosugars connected by glycosidic bonds.

Prefolic A, also known as 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, is a biologically active form of folic acid that functions, in conjunction with vitamin B12, as a methyl-group donor involved in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

Artemotil, also known as Arteether, is a fast acting blood schizonticide specifically indicated for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cerebral malaria cases. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, a natural product of the Chinese plant Artemisia annua. It is currently only used as a second line drug in severe cases of malaria.

Aspercolorin is a fungal metabolite produced by Aspergillus.

Sancycline, also known as GS-2147, is a semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic that is more active than tetracycline against 339 strains of anaerobic bacteria (average MIC90s = 1 and 32 μg/ml, respectively).

Clomazone, also known as Dimethazone, is an agricultural herbicide, and has been the active ingredient of products named "Command" and "Commence". The molecule consists of a 2-chlorobenzyl group bound to a N-O heterocycle called Isoxazole. Clomazone suppresses the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and other plant pigments.

Terrain, also known as NSC 291308, is a fungal metabolite with diverse biological activities. Terrein reduces age-related inflammation induced by oxidative stress through Nrf2/ERK1/2/HO-1 signalling in aged HDF cells. (+)-terrein suppresses interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor induced-secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human gingival fibroblasts.

Bicyclol, also known as SY 801, is a hepatoprotective agent. Bicyclol upregulates transcription factor Nrf2, HO-1 expression and protects rat brains against focal ischemia. Bicyclol induces cell cycle arrest and autophagy in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the PI3K/AKT and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways. Bicyclol attenuates tetracycline-induced fatty liver associated with inhibition of hepatic ER stress and apoptosis in mice. Bicyclol promotes toll-like 2 receptor recruiting inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase II to exert its anti-inflammatory effect.

Synephrine, or, more specifically, p-synephrine, is an alkaloid, occurring naturally in some plants and animals, and also in approved drugs products as its m-substituted analog known as neo-synephrine. p-Synephrine and m-synephrine are known for their longer acting adrenergic effects compared to norepinephrine. This substance is present at very low concentrations in common foodstuffs such as orange juice and other orange (Citrus species) products, both of the "sweet" and "bitter" variety.

Aegeline is a main alkaloid isolated from Aegle marmelos Correa collected in Yogyakarta Indonesia. Aegeline inhibited the histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells induced by DNP(24)-BSA. Aegeline showed strong inhibition when RBL-2H3 cells induced by Ca(2+) stimulants such as thapsigargin and ionomycin. Tthe inhibitory effects of aegeline on the histamine release from mast cells depended on the type of mast cell and also involved some mechanisms related to intracellular Ca(2+) signaling events via the same target of the action of thapsigargin or downstream process of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling in mast cells.

Cyclopenin, also known as NSC 114538 and NSC 604989, is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; IC50 = 2.04 μM for human recombinant AChE).

Antazoline is a 1st generation antihistamine with also anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops, usually in combination with naphazoline, to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. Antazoline is an ethylenediamine derivative with histamine H1 antagonistic and sedative properties. Antazoline antagonizes histamine H1 receptor and prevents the typical allergic symptoms caused by histamine activities on capillaries, skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal and bronchial smooth muscles.

Pipamperone is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone family used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Pipamperone acts as an antagonist of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C D2, D3, D4, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors. It shows much higher affinity for the 5-HT2A and D4 receptors over the D2 receptor (15-fold in the case of the D4 receptor, and even higher in the case of the 5-HT2A receptor), being regarded as "highly selective" for the former two sites at low doses. Pipamperone has low and likely insignificant affinity for the H1 and mACh receptors, as well as for other serotonin and dopamine receptors.

Pipamperone is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone family used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Pipamperone acts as an antagonist of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C D2, D3, D4, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors. It shows much higher affinity for the 5-HT2A and D4 receptors over the D2 receptor (15-fold in the case of the D4 receptor, and even higher in the case of the 5-HT2A receptor), being regarded as "highly selective" for the former two sites at low doses. Pipamperone has low and likely insignificant affinity for the H1 and mACh receptors, as well as for other serotonin and dopamine receptors.

Thioridazine is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug group and was previously widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis. The branded product was withdrawn worldwide in 2005 because it caused severe cardiac arrhythmias. However, generic versions are still available in the US.

Sarecycline, also known as WC-3035 and P005672, is a novel, tetracycline-derived, narrow-spectrum antibiotic being developed for use as an oral once daily antibiotic treatment for patients suffering from moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Sarecycline was designed by Paratek as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity and the potential for a favorable tolerability profile.

Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP. It then travels down the axon of that cell, which terminates in the posterior pituitary, and is released from vesicles into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity (hyperosmolality). AVP has two primary functions. First, it increases the amount of solute-free water reabsorbed back into the circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephrons. Second, AVP constricts arterioles, which increases peripheral vascular resistance and raises arterial blood pressure.

Sultamicillin, also known as CP-49952 and VD 1827, is an oral form of the antibiotic combination (codrug or mutual prodrug) ampicillin/sulbactam. It contains esterified ampicillin and sulbactam and is marketed under a number of trade names,Unasyn from Pfizer. After absorption, sultamicillin releases ampicillin and sulbactam into the system, so all the antibacterial efficacy of sultamicillin is due to ampicillin and sulbactam. Ampicillin exerts antibacterial activity against sensitive organisms by inhibiting biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide where as sulbactam irreversibly inhibits most important beta-lactamases that occur in resistant strains.

Ribostamycin sulfate, also known as Landamycine, is an aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from a streptomycete, Streptomyces ribosidificus, originally identified in a soil sample from Tsu City of Mie Prefecture in Japan. It is made up of 3 ring subunits: 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS), neosamine C, and ribose. Ribostamycin, along with other aminoglycosides with the DOS subunit, is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic with important use against human immunodeficiency virus and is considered a critically important antimicrobial by the World Health Organization., Resistance against aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as ribostamycin, is a growing concern. The resistant bacteria contain enzymes that modify the structure through phosphorylation, adenylation, and acetylation and prevent the antibiotic from being able to interact with the bacterial ribosomal RNAs.

Fludrocortisone Acetate the acetate form of the synthetic corticosteroid fludrocortisone, which is a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist. Fludrocortisone has been used in the treatment of cerebral salt wasting syndrome.

Bifenazate is a very selective acaricide that controls the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Bifenazate is the first example of a carbazate acaricide.

Alagebrium Chloride, also known as ALT711, was a drug candidate developed by Alteon, Inc. It was the first drug candidate to be clinically tested for the purpose of breaking the crosslinks caused by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), thereby reversing one of the main mechanisms of aging. Through this effect Alagebrium is designed to reverse the stiffening of blood vessel walls that contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular disease, as well as many other forms of degradation associated with protein crosslinking. Alagebrium has proven effective in reducing systolic blood pressure and providing therapeutic benefit for patients with diastolic

Citromycetin, also known as Frequentic Acid and NSC 53584, a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Australian P. frequentans with antibiotic activity against the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria V. cholerae and S. flexneri.

Frequentin is an antibiotic originally isolated from P. frequentans that is active against bacteria (MICs = 300 and 200 μg/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis, respectively) and fungi

Epicoccamide is a marine fungal metabolite originally isolated from E. purpurascens.

Fucoxanthin, also known as α-Carotene, is a carotenoid that occurs naturally in certain algae. It is found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color. Fucoxanthin absorbs light primarily in the blue-green to yellow-green part of the visible spectrum, peaking at around 510-525 nm by various estimates and absorbing significantly in the range of 450 to 540 nm.

Arazasetron is an antiemetic which acts as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, pKi = 9.27. It is used in the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy (such as cisplatin chemotherapy). Azasetron hydrochloride is given in a usual dose of 10 mg once daily by mouth or intravenously. It is approved for marketing in Japan, and marketed exclusively by Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. under the trade names "Serotone I.V. Injection 10 mg" and "Serotone Tablets 10 mg".

Sphingosine is formed primarily from the breakdown of ceramide. Sphingosine inhibits protein kinase C and phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase. D-sphingosine, a lipid possessing the same hydrophobic base as ceramide but without a carbohydrate residue, efficiently blocked this glycolipid antigen presentation both in vitro and in spinal cords of EAE mice, and significantly decreased IL-17 and ameliorated the pathological symptoms.

Meloside A, also known as NSC-287464 and Isovitexin 2''-O-galactoside is found in cereals and cereal products.

Kansuiphorin C, also known as KPC is a natural product with a number of bioactivity. KPC could ameliorate malignant ascites by modulating gut microbiota mainly containing the increase of Lactobacillus and the decrease of Helicobacter and related carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, providing a basis for their promising clinical usage.

Isocanadine is an isomer of canadine. Canadine, also known as tetrahydroberberine and xanthopuccine, is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA), of the protoberberine structural subgroup, and is present in many plants from the family Papaveraceae, such as Corydalis yanhusuo and C. turtschaninovii.

Ziprazidone is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. Its intramuscular injection form is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients for whom treatment with just ziprasidone is appropriate. The mechanism of action of ziprasidone, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown. However, it has been proposed that this drug's efficacy in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2 (5HT2) antagonism. As with other drugs having efficacy in bipolar disorder, the mechanism of action of ziprasidone in bipolar disorder is unknown.

Triacetyl-ganciclovir is related to ganciclovir, which may be used for toxicity studies and other analytical studies during commercial production of Ganciclovir.

Dexamethasone phosphate is a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to binding to specific nuclear steroid receptors.

Morin is a yellow chemical compound that can be isolated from Maclura pomifera (Osage orange), Maclura tinctoria (old fustic) and from leaves of Psidium guajava (common guava). In a preclinical in vitro study, morin was found to be a weak inhibitor of fatty acid synthase with an IC50 of 2.33 μM. Morin was also found to inhibit amyloid formation by islet amyloid polypeptide (or amylin) and disaggregate amyloid fibers. Morin can be used to test for the presence of aluminium or tin in a solution, since it forms characteristically fluorescent coordination complexes with them.

Chlorotoluron is a pheylurea herbicide that has been used to control growth of broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat, rye, barley, and triticale crops.

Gabaculine is a naturally occurring, conformationally constrained analog of GABA and an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase (GABA-T; Ki = 2.9 μM). Gabaculine alters plastid development and differentially affects abundance of plastid-encoded DPOR and nuclear-encoded GluTR and FLU-like proteins in spruce cotyledons.

Desmetramadol is a central analgesic drug candidate. Desmetramadol inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2C receptors expressed in Xenopus Oocytes.

GR-203040 is a selective NK1 receptor antagonist. GR203040 inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced damage in the rat and ferret bladder. GR203040 is a novel anti-emetic agent, and the broad spectrum of anti-emetic activity, together with activity observed in three species, suggests that this compound is worthy of clinical investigation.

Norbormide, also known as Raticate, Shoxin, is a toxic compound used as a rodenticide. It has several mechanisms of action, acting as a vasoconstrictor and calcium channel blocker, but is selectively toxic to rats and has relatively low toxicity to other species, due to a species specific action of opening the permeability transition pores in rat mitochondria.

Alpha-Chloralose is an avicide, and a rodenticide used to kill mice in temperatures below 15 °C. It is also widely used in neuroscience and veterinary medicine as an anesthetic and sedative.

Remogliflozin, also known as Remogliflozin A and GSK189074, is a potent inhibitor of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2; Kis = 12.4 and 26 nM for human and rat SGLT2, respectively).

Grazoprevir, also known as MK5172, is a drug approved for the treatment of hepatitis C. Grazoprevir is a second generation hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor acting at the NS3/4a protease targets. It has good activity against a range of HCV genotype variants, including some that are resistant to most currently used antiviral medications.

Perastine is a biochemical.

Sodium aurothiomalate (INN, known in the United States as gold sodium thiomalate) is a gold compound that is used for its immunosuppressive anti-rheumatic effects. Along with an orally-administered gold salt, auranofin, it is one of only two gold compounds currently employed in modern medicine

Pritelivir, also known as AIC-316 and BAY 57-1293, is a potent helicase primase inhibitor. BAY 57-1293 inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 in the nanomolar range in vitro by abrogating the enzymatic activity of the viral primase-helicase complex. In various rodent models of HSV infection the antiviral activity of BAY 57-1293 in vivo was found to be superior compared to all compounds currently used to treat HSV infections. The compound shows profound antiviral activity in murine and rat lethal challenge models of disseminated herpes, in a murine zosteriform spread model of cutaneous disease, and in a murine ocular herpes model. It is active in parenteral, oral, and topical formulations.

Cenicriviroc, also known as TAK-652 and TBR-652, is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of HIV infection. It is being developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical and Tobira Therapeutics. Cenicriviroc is an inhibitor of CCR2 and CCR5 receptors, allowi

Chlorcyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenylpiperazine class marketed in the United States and certain other countries. It is used primarily to treat allergy symptoms such as rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritus, and may also be used as an antiemetic. In addition to its antihistamine effects, chlorcyclizine also has some anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local anesthetic properties. It also has been studied as a potential treatment for hepatitis C.

Lycoramine is a natural alkaloid isolated from Lycoris chinensis.

Light green SF yellowish (C.I. 42095) is a dye that is used for the preparation of a staining solution which is is widely used as a counterstain. for e.g. trichrome Masson-Goldner staining in histological sections or for Papanicolaou’s polychromatic staining in cytology of samples human origin

Estradiol cypionate, also known as Depoestradiol, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women, in hormone therapy for transgender women, and in hormonal birth control for women. Estradiol cypionate was first described as well as introduced for medical use in 1952. Along with estradiol valerate, it is one of the most commonly used esters of estradiol.

Clobetasone is a corticosteroid used in dermatology, for treating such skin inflammation as seen in eczema, psoriasis and other forms of dermatitis, and ophthalmology. Topical clobetasone butyrate has shown minimal suppression of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is available as clobetasone butyrate under the brand names Eumosone or Eumovate both manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.

Gramicidin is a combination of six different antimicrobial polypeptides (from Bacillus aneurinolyticus (Bacillus brevis)).

Bimatoprost acid is a metabolically stable analog of PGF2α and is a potent agonist for the FP receptor. It binds to the FP receptor on ovine luteal cells with a relative potency of 756% compared to that of PGF2α.

Parbendazole is an anthelmintic drug. Parbendazole is a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly, destabilizes tubulin and exhibits a broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.

Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. Dirithromycin is a more lipid-soluble prodrug derivative of 9S-erythromycyclamine prepared by condensation of the latter with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. The 9N, 11O-oxazine ring thus formed is a hemi-aminal that is unstable under both acidic and alkaline aqueous conditions and undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to form erythromycyclamine.

Pseudopelletierine is the main alkaloid derived from the root-bark of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum), along with at least three other alkaloids: pelletierine, isopelletierine, and methylpelleteirine (C9H17ON), which yield 1.8, 0.52, 0.01, and 0.20 grams per kilogram of raw bark.

Betamethasone acetate, also known as Betamethasone 21-acetate, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester. It is the 21-acetate ester of betamethasone.

Salvinorin A is a potent, non-nitrogenous κ opioid selective receptor agonist. Salvinorin A is isolated from Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A preserves cerebral pial artery autoregulation after forebrain ischemia via the PI3K/AKT/cGMP pathway. Salvinorin A ameliorates cerebral vasospasm through activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Triclopyr, also known as 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid, is a systemic foliar herbicide and fungicide. Triclopyr is used to control broadleaf weeds while leaving grasses and conifers unaffected or to control rust diseases on crops.

Fluphenazine is a antipsychotic medication. It is used in the treatment of chronic psychoses such as schizophrenia. Fluphenazine exerts its actions by blocking postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic, cortical system and basal ganglia. This prevents the actions of dopamine, thereby reducing the hallucinations and delusions that are associated with schizophrenia. It is given by mouth, injection into a muscle, or just under the skin.

Hibifolin is a flavonol glycoside that prevents beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Hibifolin prevents beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Hibifolin is a potential inhibitor of adenosine deaminase.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, also known as ("NMN" and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide Like nicotinamide riboside, NMN is a derivative of niacin, and humans have enzymes that can use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinuc

Tafenoquine-d3 is a trideuerium-labeled Tafenoquine derivative. Tafenoquine, also known as WR-238605, is an oral active antimalaria drug that is being investigated as a potential treatment for malaria, as well as for malaria prevention. Tafenoquine Shows Activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Tafenoquine targets leishmania respiratory complex III and induces apoptosis. Tafenoquine has a long half-life of approximately 14 days and is generally safe and well tolerated, Malaria remains an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. As antimalarial drug resistance escalates, new safe and effective medications are necessary to prevent and treat malarial infection.

Dihydrolipoic acid, also know as DHLA, is a dithiol-containing carboxylic acid that is the reduced form of α-lipoic acid . It acts as a general antioxidant that is highly reactive against a variety of reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitirite, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite, at concentrations ranging from 0.01-0.5 mM.

Matrixyl, also known as Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (palmitoyl pentapeptide-3 before 2006) is a matrikine used in anti-wrinkle cosmetics. It was launched in 2000 as an active ingredient for the personal care industry under the trade name Matrixyl by the French cosmetic active ingredient manufacturer Sederma SAS.

Argireline, also known as Acetyl Hexapeptide-3, is a newer ingredient in skincare, ideal for maturing skin and diminishing the appearance of wrinkles. Argireline is the brand name of Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, a molecule formed principally of 6 amino acids (which in a row are called a peptide). It is synthetically produced in a lab, but there are no indications of any degree of toxicity and it is one of our favorite compounds for maturing skin.

Elexacaftor, also known as VX-445 and WHO 11180, is a next-generation cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) corrector designed to restore Phe508del CFTR protein function in patients with cystic fibrosis when administered with tezacaftor and ivacaftor (VX-445–tezacaftor–ivacaftor).

Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone is a derivative of the flavonoid hesperidin and is found in citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruit and is often used to reduce dark circles under the eyes.

Brassinazole is an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis that has been developed in order to probe the myriad functions of brassinosteroids.

Arbutin is a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos among many other medicinal plants, primarily in the family Ericaceae. Applied topically, it inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin. Arbutin is therefore used as a skin-lightening agent. Very tiny amounts of arbutin are found in wheat, pear skins, and some other foods. It is also found in Bergenia crassifolia. Arbutin was also produced by an in vitro culture of Schisandra chinensis. α-Arbutin Protects Against Parkinson's Disease-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Vitro and In Vivo.

Picrocrocin is a monoterpene glycoside precursor of safranal. Picrocrocin is found in the spice saffron, which comes from the crocus flower. Picrocrocin is a degradation product of the carotenoid zeaxanthin. Picrocrocin exhibits growth inhibitory effects against SKMEL- 2 human malignant melanoma cells by targeting JAK/ STAT5 signaling pathway, cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial mediated apoptosis.

Methylthialazole Tetrazolium, also known as MTT or Tetrazolium Bromide, is a cell-permeable and positively charged tetrazolium dye that is used to detect reductive metabolism in cells.1 It is taken up by cells through the plasma membrane and then reduced to formazan by intracellular NAD(P)H-oxidoreductases. It is frequently used in colorimetric assays to measure cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis.

(R)-Carisbamate is the R-isomer of Carisbamate . Carisbamate (YKP 509, proposed trade name Comfyde) is an experimental anticonvulsant drug that was under development by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development but never marketed.

Terphenyllin is a naturally abundant p-terphenyl metabolite isolated from the coral derived fungus Aspergillus candidus, has signi?cant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Iristectorigenin A is an natural isoflavones, showing antioxidant activity.

Afamelanotide, also known as CUV1647, is a Melanocortin receptor agonist. Afamelanotide is a synthetic peptide and analogue of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone used to prevent skin damage from the sun in people with erythropoietic protoporphyria .It is under development in other skin disorders in several jurisdictions. It causes skin to turn darker by causing the skin to make more melanin.

Lasmiditan, also known as COL-144 and LY573144, is a novel, centrally acting, highly selective 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist (K1=2.21 μM) without vasoconstrictor activity that seemed effective when given as an intravenous infusion in a proof-of-concept migraine study. Lasmiditan showed efficacy in its primary endpoint, with a 2-hour placebo-subtracted headache response of 28.8%, though with frequent reports of dizziness, paresthesias, and vertigo.

Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. Meropenem was originally developed by Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals. It is marketed outside Japan by AstraZeneca with the brand names Merrem and Meronem. Other brand names include Zwipen (India, Marketed by Nucleus) Mepem (Taiwan) Meropen (Japan, Korea) and Neopenem (NEOMED India) . It gained FDA approval in July 1996. It penetrates well into many tissues and body fluids including the cerebrospinal fluid, bile, heart valves, lung, and peritoneal fluid.

Niraparib, also know as MK-4827, is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with potential antineoplastic activity. MK4827 inhibits PARP activity, enhancing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promoting genomic instability and apoptosis. The PARP family of proteins detect and repair single strand DNA breaks by the base-excision repair (BER) pathway.

Panobinostat, also known as NVP LBH-589 or LBH-589, is a cinnamic hydroxamic acid analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Panobinostat selectively inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC), inducing hyperacetylation of core histone proteins, which may result in modulation of cell cycle protein expression, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis. In addition, this agent appears to modulate the expression of angiogenesis-related genes, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1a) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thus impairing endothelial cell chemotaxis and invasion.

Siponimod, also known as BAF-312, is a a potent and orally selective S1P Receptor Modulator with EC50 value of 0.39nM for S1P1 receptors and 0.98nM for S1P5 receptors, respectively. Development of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulators to dampen inflammation and its sequelae is becoming increasingly promising for treating medical conditions characterized by significant immunopathology.

Stiripentol (marketed as Diacomit by Laboratoires Biocodex) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is approved for the treatment of Dravet syndrome, an epilepsy syndrome. Stiripentol increases GABAergic activity. At clinically relevant concentrations, it enhances central GABA neurotransmission through a barbiturate-like effect, since it increases the duration of opening of GABA-A receptor channels in hippocampal slices.

Danshenxinkun A is a natural diterpenoid isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Segetalin B is natural product isolated from Seeds of Vaccaria Segetalis. Segetalin B demonstrated to have an estrogen-like activity.

Nafamostat, also known as FUT-175, is a serine protease inhibitor and an anticoagulant. Nafamostat promotes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation via the Akt-eNOS dependent pathway. Nafamostat Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury. Nafamostat Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury. Nafamostat protects against acute cerebral ischemia via blood-brain barrier protection. Nafamostat Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Researchers have identified the drug as a potential therapy for COVID-19,[ with clinical trials in Japan possibly set to begin in March 2020.

Fatostatin A is a Cell permeable inhibitor of SREBP activation. Fatostatin Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation by Affecting Mitotic Microtubule Spindle Assembly and Cell Division. Fatostatin suppresses growth and enhances apoptosis by blocking SREBP-regulated metabolic pathways in endometrial carcinoma.

Caerulein is a specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

Eyeseryl, also known as Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5, humectant or hydroscopic moisturizer which helps reduce eye puffiness, improve skin elasticity as well as overall smoothness.

Ziram, also known as Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, is a coordination complex of zinc with dimethyldithiocarbamate. It is a pale yellow solid that is used as a fungicide, the vulcanization of rubber, and other industrial applications.

Polaprezinc is an orally bioavailable chelate composed of zinc and L-carnosine, with potential gastroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, polaprezinc increases the expression of various anti-oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), SOD-2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), peroxidredoxin-1 (PRDX1; PRXI) and PRXD5 (PRXV) in the gastric mucosa, which protect cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS).

N-Benzyloxycarbonylglycine

Propham is a biochemical.

Vinyltrimethoxysilane

Y 27152 is a biochemical.

Niraxostat is a biochemical.

Yakkasterone is a major metabolite of cholesterol formed during exposure of lung epithelial cells to ozone.

Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides.

Molinate is a biochemical.

Yatein is a natural product isolated from from Cleistanthus boivinianu or Chamaecyparis obtusa. Yatein suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in HeLa cells by interruption the immediate-early gene expression. The mechanisms of antiviral action of yatein seem to be mediated, by inhibiting HSV-1 α gene expression, including expression of the ICP0 and ICP4 genes, and by arresting HSV-1 DNA synthesis and structural protein expression in HeLa cells. Yatein showed antiproliferative activity against the HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cell line, with an IC50 > 10 uM.

Yau 17 is a biochemical.