DDN is a selective insulin receptor (Insulin Receptor) activator, an insulin sensitizer, and a glucose-lowering insulin mimetic with oral bioavailability. DDN can directly bind to the receptor kinase domain and induce Akt and ERK phosphorylation, and it can also enhance insulin's effect on glucose uptake. DDN significantly reduces blood glucose levels in wild-type and diabetic ob/ob and db/db mice.

CAY10415 is a potent, antidiabetic drug of the TZD structural class.

BMS-536924 is an ATP-competitive IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 100 nM, modest activity for Mek, Fak, and Lck with very little activity for Akt1, MAPK1/2.

CMX-2043 is a novel analogue of α-Lipoic Acid. CMX-2043 is effective in antioxidant effect, activation of insulin receptor kinase, soluble tyrosine kinase, and Akt phosphorylation. CMX-2043 shows protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat model.

NT157 is a selective inhibitor of IRS-1/2, IC50 values at sub-micromolar doses (ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 μM) .

NT219 is a potent and dual inhibitor of insulin receptor substrates 1/2 (IRS1/2) and STAT3. IRS1/2 and STAT3 are major signaling junctions regulated by various oncogenes. NT219 affects IRS1/2 degradation and inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation. NT219 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases.

Demethylasterriquinone B1 is a selective insulin receptor activator. Demethylasterriquinone B1 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR β subunit, and the activation of PIK3 and AKT.

AVJ16 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein family. AVJ16 regulates protein translation by binding to the mRNAs of certain genes.

HNMPA-(AM)3 is a cell-permeable and selective insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor analog of HNMPA. HNMPA-(AM)3 greatly inhibits the ability of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) to activate ERK phosphorylation and stimulate ecdysteroidogenesis.

Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analog. Insulin glargine can be used for the diabetes mellitus.

OI338 is an orally available, ultralong-acting insulin analogue.

HNMPA is a membrane impermeable insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. HNMPA inhibits serine and tyrosine autophosphorylation by the human insulin receptor. HNMPA has no effect on protein kinase C or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activities

DA-JC4 is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist can be used for the research of neurological disease and insulin signaling pathways.

GIP (1-30) amide, porcine TFA is a full glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist with high affinity equal to native GIP(1-42). GIP (1-30) amide, porcine is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and potent stimulator of insulin.

GIP, human TFA is thought to act as an inhibitor of gastric functions. GIP, human TFA, a peptide hormone consisting of 42 amino acids, is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and a potent stimulator of insulin post meals.

GIP (3-42), human acts as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonist, moderating the insulin secreting and metabolic actions of GIP in vivo.

GIP (1-30) amide, porcine is a full glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist with high affinity equal to native GIP(1-42).

S961 acetate is an high-affinity and selective insulin receptor (IR) antagonist with IC50s of 0.048, 0.027, and 630 nM for HIR-A, HIR-B, and human insulin-like growth factor I receptor (HIGF-IR) in SPA-assay, respectively.