Suxamethonium Chloride, also known as Succinylcholine, is a medication used to induce muscle relaxation and short-term paralysis, usually to help with tracheal intubation. It is sometimes used in combination with pain medications and sedatives for euthanasia and immobilization of horses. )

Sulfacetamide has anti-inflammatory properties when used to treat blepharitis or conjunctivitis (in eye-drop solution). It is believed to work by limiting the presence of folic acid which bacteria need to survive. It has been suggested that sulfacetamide may also serve as a treatment for mild forms of hidradenitis suppurativa. Sulfacetamide has antibacterial activity and is used to control acne.

Sulfadiazine eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell, and is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections, and burns. In combination, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, can be used to treat toxoplasmosis.

Sulfadimethoxine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. Albon is produced by Pfizer Animal Health and is available as an oral suspension, tablet or bolus. It is used to treat many infections including treatment of respiratory, urinary tract, enteric, and soft tissue infections. It is most frequently used in veterinary medicine. Sulfadimethoxine inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from para-aminobenzoic acid. It is also commonly used for the treatment of coccidiosis in many species.

Sulfamethoxazole is an antibiotic. It was used for bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and prostatitis and is effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and a rash. It is a sulfonamide and bacteriostatic.

Sulfametopyrazine is a long-acting sulfonamide antibacterial used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, urinary tract infections and malaria.

Sulfamoxole is a sulfonamide antibacterial.

Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Chemically, it is an organic compound consisting of an aniline derivatized with a sulfonamide group. sulfanilamide remains in use for treatment of vaginal yeast infections.

Sulfapyridine is a sulfonamide antibacterial. At one time it was commonly referred to as M&B. Sulfapyridine is no longer prescribed for treatment of infections in humans. However, it may be used to treat linear IgA disease. It is a good antibacterial drug, but its water solubility is very pH dependent. Thus there is a risk of crystallization within the bladder or urethra, which could lead to pain or blockage. As with other sulfonamides, there is a significant risk of agranulocytosis, and this, rather than the development of resistance by bacteria, is the main reason for its decline in use.

Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms.

Tacrine is a centrally acting anticholinesterase and indirect cholinergic agonist. It is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Tamsulosin is an α1a adrenergic receptor antagonist used in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Tamsulosin is used in the treatment of difficult urination, a common symptom of enlarged prostate. Tamsulosin, and other medications in the class called alpha blockers, work by relaxing bladder neck muscles and muscle fibers in the prostate itself and make it easier to urinate.

Terbutaline is a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, used as a "reliever" inhaler in the management of asthma symptoms and as a tocolytic (anti-contraction medication) to delay preterm labor for up to 48 hours. This time can then be used to administer steroid injections to the mother which help fetal lung maturity and reduce complications of prematurity. It should not be used to prevent preterm labor or delay labor more than 48–72 hours.

Terlipressin is an analogue of vasopressin used as a vasoactive drug in the management of low blood pressure. It has been found to be effective when norepinephrine does not help. Indications for use include norepinephrine-resistant septic shock and hepatorenal syndrome. In addition, it is used to treat bleeding esophageal varices. Terlipressin is currently not available in the United States, or Canada, but it is available in New Zealand, Australia, much of Europe, India & UAE.

Tetrahydrofolic acid, or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative. Tetrahydrofolic acid is a cofactor in many reactions, especially in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids. Tetrahydrofolic acid acts as a donor of a group with one carbon atom. It gets this carbon atom by sequestering formaldehyde produced in other processes.

Thiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide. Tiabendazole works by inhibition of the mitochondrial, helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase, with possible interaction with endogenous quinone. Tiabendazole serves to block angiogenesis in both frog embryos and human cells. It has also been shown to serve as a vascular disrupting agent to reduce newly established blood vessels. Tiabendazole has been shown to effectively do this in certain cancer cells.

Thiamine, named as the "thio-vitamine" ("sulfur-containing vitamin"), is a vitamin of the B complex. Thiamine is found in a wide variety of foods at low concentrations. Yeast, yeast extract, and pork are the most highly concentrated sources of thiamine. In general, cereal grains are the most important dietary sources of thiamine, by virtue of their ubiquity. Thiamine hydrochloride (Betaxin) is a (when by itself) white, crystalline hygroscopic food-additive used to add a brothy/meaty flavor to gravies or soups. It is a natural intermediary resulting from a thiamine-HCl reaction, which precedes hydrolysis and phosphorylation, before it is finally employed (in the form of TPP) in a number of enzymatic amino, fatty acid, and carbohydrate reactions.

Thioridazine is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug group and was previously widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis; the branded product was withdrawn worldwide in 2005 because it caused severe cardiac arrhythmias, however, generic versions are available in the US.

Tiaprofenic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylpropionic acid (profen) class, used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain Long-term use of tiaprofenic acid is associated with severe cystitis, roughly 100 times more commonly than other NSAIDs. It is contraindicated in patients with cystitis and urinary tract infections.

Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It is almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is also one of the few antibiotics capable of treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. It is provided as a white or pale-yellow powder. It is highly soluble in water, but should be dissolved only immediately before use to prevent degradation.

Tiludronate is a bisphosphonate used for treatment of Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) in human medicine. In veterinary medicine, tiludronic acid is used to treat navicular disease and bone spavin in horses. Its trade names are Tildren and Equidronate. It is approved for treatment of navicular disease and distal tarsal osteoarthritis in Europe, and was approved for treatment of navicular disease in the United States in 2014. Tiludronate is a non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclasts, the primary cell responsible for the breakdown of bone required for bone remodeling.

Tinidazole is an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. The nitro- group of tinidazole is reduced by cell extracts of Trichomonas. The free nitro- radical generated as a result of this reduction may be responsible for the antiprotozoal activity. Chemically reduced tinidazole was shown to release nitrites and cause damage to purified bacterial DNA in vitro. Additionally, the drug caused DNA base changes in bacterial cells and DNA strand breakage in mammalian cells. The mechanism by which tinidazole exhibits activity against Giardia and Entamoeba species is not known.

Tioconazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class used to treat infections caused by a fungus or yeast. It is marketed under the brand names Trosyd and Gyno-Trosyd (Pfizer). Tioconazole ointments serve to treat women's vaginal yeast infections. Tioconazole topical (skin) preparations are also available for ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot, and tinea versicolor or "sun fungus".

Tizanidine is a drug that is used as a muscle relaxant. It is a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist. It is used to treat the spasms, cramping, and tightness of muscles caused by medical problems such as multiple sclerosis, ALS, spastic diplegia, back pain, or certain other injuries to the spine or central nervous system. It is also prescribed off-label for migraine headaches, as a sleep aid, and as an anticonvulsant. It is also prescribed for some symptoms of fibromyalgia.

Tofisopam is an anxiolytic that is marketed in several European countries. Chemically, it is a 2,3-benzodiazepine. Unlike other anxiolytic benzodiazepines (which are generally 1,4- or 1,5-substituted) however, tofisopam does not have anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. While it may not be an anticonvulsant in and of itself, it has been shown to enhance the anticonvulsant action of classical 1,4-benzodiazepines such as diazepam (but not sodium valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin). Tofisopam is indicated for the treatment of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal.

Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis). It has also been used (in conjunction with Sodium nitroprusside) successfully as an antidote to reverse the severe peripheral vasoconstriction which can occur as a result of overdose with certain 5-HT2A agonist drugs such as 25I-NBOMe, DOB and Bromodragonfly (prolonged severe vasoconstriction can lead to gangrene if untreated).

Tolnaftate is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent that may be sold without medical prescription in most jurisdictions. It can be administered as a cream, powder, spray, and liquid aerosol. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm.

Tolterodine is an antimuscarinic drug that is used for symptomatic treatment of urinary incontinence.

Trandolapril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure. It acts by competitive inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system which plays an important role in regulating blood pressure..

Tranylcypromine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)—it is a nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). It is used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent in the clinical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively.

Triamcinolone is used to treat a number of different medical conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, ulcerative colitis, lupus, sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, ocular inflammation, Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, aphthous ulcers (usually as triamcinolone acetonide), visualization during vitrectomy and the prevention of asthma attacks. It will not treat an asthma attack once it has already begun. It has also been used off-label for macular degeneration.

Trichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema (including that which is associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and corticosteroid therapy) and hypertension. In veterinary medicine, trichlormethiazide can be combined with dexamethasone to be used on horses with mild swelling of distal limbs and general bruising. As a diuretic (in particular a thiazide), trichlormethiazide encourages water loss from the body.

Benzhexol, also known as Trihexyphenidyl, is an antiparkinsonian agent of the antimuscarinic class. It has been in clinical usage for decades.

Trimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant. It is most commonly used to treat epileptic conditions that are resistant to other treatments. Trimethadione (TMO) has the properties required of probe drugs for the evaluation of hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in humans in vivo. TMO is demethylated to dimethadione (DMO), its only metabolite, in the liver after oral administration.

Trimethobenzamide is an antiemetic used to prevent nausea and vomiting. It is often prescribed for patients with gastroenteritis, medication-induced nausea, and other illnesses. Trimethobenzamide is generally considered the most potent antiemetic that does not have effects on the serotonergic, dopaminergic, or histaminergic systems, so it has a lower likelihood of causing undesired side effects. In the United States, it requires a prescription. Although the specific mechanism through which trimethobenzamide functions is unknown, it is believed to affect the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla oblongata.

Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. It is taken by mouth. Trimethoprim was first used in 1962.

Trioxsalen is a photosenisitizer. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A (the least damaging form of ultraviolet light) for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and hand eczema. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, which can cause programmed cell death unless repaired by cellular mechanisms. In research it can be conjugated to dyes for confocal microscopy and used to visualize sites of DNA damage.

Triprolidine is an over-the-counter antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used to combat the symptoms associated with allergies and is sometimes combined with other cold medications designed to provide general relief for flu-like symptoms. Like many antihistamines, the most common side effect is drowsiness. Triprolidine is a quick acting drug that can clear congestion and stop runny noses in 15–30 minutes. .

Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina. Due to its relatively short duration of effect (4–8 hours), it is typically used during eye examinations such as the dilated fundus examination, but it may also be used before or after eye surgery. Cycloplegic drops are often also used to treat anterior uveitis, decreasing risk of posterior synechiae and decreasing inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Trovafloxacin was a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. It had better gram-positive bacterial coverage and less gram-negative coverage than the previous fluoroquinolones.

Tubocurarine is a toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison. In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is now rarely used as an adjunct for clinical anesthesia because safer alternatives, such as cisatracurium and rocuronium, are available.

Tymazoline (trade name Thymazen in Poland) is a nasal decongestant that can be used to treat rhinitis. It acts as an antihistaminic and sympathomimetic, reducing swelling, inflammation and mucosal secretions.

Vardenafil, also known as BAY 38-9456, is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating erectile dysfunction. Vardenafil's indications and contra-indications are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors; it is closely related in function to sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis). The difference between the vardenafil molecule and sildenafil citrate is a nitrogen atom's position and the change of sildenafil's piperazine ring methyl group to an ethyl group. Tadalafil is structurally different from both sildenafil and vardenafil. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to but somewhat longer than sildenafil's.

Vigabatrin, also known as gamma-vinyl-GABA, is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits the breakdown of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by acting as a suicide inhibitor of GABA transaminase (GABA-T). It is a structural analog of GABA, but does not bind to GABA receptors. Vigabatrin is an irreversible suicide inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the brain. Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.

Ziprazidone is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. Its intramuscular injection form is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients for whom treatment with just ziprasidone is appropriate. The mechanism of action of ziprasidone, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown. However, it has been proposed that this drug's efficacy in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2 (5HT2) antagonism. As with other drugs having efficacy in bipolar disorder, the mechanism of action of ziprasidone in bipolar disorder is unknown.

Bimolane is a topoisomerase II inhibitor. Bimolane has been widely used in China as an anti-neoplastic agent and for the treatment of psoriasis. Bimolane is also a leukemogenic agent and is thought to exert its effects through the inhibition of topoisomerase II. The results of enzyme and DNA titration assays indicate that inhibition of topoisomerase II by bimolane occurred through interactions with DNA, similar to the mechanism seen with the epipodophyllotoxin-type inhibitors. These results provide evidence that bimolane is an inhibitor of topoisomerase II in vitro.

Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel, is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and along with an antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. It is also sometimes used as a sleep aid because of its sedating effect but this use is not recommended. Quetiapine is a dopamine, serotonin, and adrenergic antagonist, and a potent antihistamine with clinically negligible anticholinergic properties. Quetiapine binds strongly to serotonin receptors; the drug acts as partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors.

Mianserin hydrochloride is a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.

Zidebactam, also known as WCK-5107, is a Beta lactamase inhibitor. Zidebactam is a novel Inhibitor of PBP2 Showing Potent "β-Lactam Enhancer" Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Including Multidrug-Resistant Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing High-Risk Clones. Zidebactam demonstrated specific high-affinity binding to PBP2 of A. baumannii (0.01 μg/ml for both of the compounds). The MIC of zidebactam was >1,024 μg/ml for wild-type and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter strains. Zidebactam is a PBP2 inhibitor that show a potent β-lactam enhancer effect against A. baumannii, including a multidrug-resistant OXA-23-producing ST2 international clone.

Avoralstat, also known as BCX-4161, is a potent and orally active Kallikrein inhibitor and Bradykinin inhibitor. Avoralstat may be potentially useful for treatment for Hereditary angioedema. Avoralstat inhibits plasma kallikrein and suppresses bradykinin production. Bradykinin is the mediator of acute swelling attacks in HAE patients.

Lascufloxacin, also known as KRP-AM-1977, is a potent antibacterial drug candidate. Lascufloxacin showed a broad spectrum of activity against various clinical isolates. Especially, lascufloxacin showed the most potent activity against gram-positive bacteria among the quinolones tested. Furthermore, lascufloxacin showed incomplete cross-resistance against existing quinolone-resistant strains. Enzymatic analysis indicated that lascufloxacin showed potent inhibitory activity against both wild-type and mutated target enzymes. Lascufloxacin may be useful in treating infections caused by various pathogens, including quinolone-resistant strains.

Verubecestat, also known as MK-8931 or SCH 900931, is a potent and selective beta-secretase inhibitor, and BACE1 protein inhibitor or Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitor. Verubecestat is a promising novel therapeutic drug candidate in Alzheimer's disease. Verubecestat reduced Aβ cerebral spinal fluids (CSF) levels up to 92% and was well tolerated by patients.

Pranidipine, also known as OPC-13340 and FRC 8411, is a potent and selective calcium channel blocker potentially for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Pranidipine enhances nitric oxide-induced vascular relaxation. pranidipine prevents the left ventricular remodeling process accompanied by systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and inhibits abnormal cardiac gene expression after myocardial infarction.

Cefiderocol, also known as S-649266, is a potent siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with a catechol moiety on the 3-position side chain. S-649266 shows potent in vitro activity against the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, including MDR strains such as carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and metallo-β-lactamase-producing P. aeruginosa. S-649266 showed potent in vitro activities against A. baumannii producing carbapenemases such as OXA-type β-lactamases, and P. aeruginosa producing metallo-β-lactamases such as IMP type and VIM type. FDA approved this drug in 11/14/2019 To treat patients with complicated urinary tract infections who have limited or no alternative treatment options

Ertiprotafib, also known as PTP-112, is a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor (PTP1B inhibitor). Ertiprotafib normalized the plasma glucose and insulin levels in diabetic animal models, and progressed to a phase II clinical trial. Ertiprotafib is potentially useful for the treatment of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Ertiprotafib improves glycemic control and lowers lipids via multiple mechanisms. Ertiprotafib is also a potent inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta (IKK-beta), with an IC(50) of 400nM.

Norharmane is a β-Carboline alkaloid that is widespread in plants and animals, and frequently act as benzodiazepine inverse agonists. Norharmane showed a potent inhibition against α-glucosidase enzyme in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.27 mM for maltase and 0.41 mM for sucrase, respectively. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that norharman inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme uncompetitively, with a Ki value of 0.13 mM.

Sodium phenylbutyrate is used to treat urea cycle disorders, because its metabolites offer an alternative pathway to the urea cycle to allow excretion of excess nitrogen. It is an orphan drug, marketed by Ucyclyd Pharma under the trade name Buphenyl, by Swedish Orphan International (Sweden) as Ammonaps, and by Fyrlkl?vern Scandinavia as triButyrate. Sodium phenylbutyrate is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor and chemical chaperone, leading respectively to research into its use as an anti-cancer agent and in protein misfolding diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

Etelcalcetide is a calcium-sensing receptor agonist for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Etelcalcetide is administered intravenously at the end of each dialysis session. It functions by binding to and activating the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the parathyroid gland as an allosteric activator, resulting in PTH reduction and suppression. Elevated PTH is often observe in patients with CKD. AMG 416 is in clinic trials for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients.

Kebuzone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Kebuzone also known shown analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory activities. Kebuzone acts by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

Lumiracoxib, also known as CGS 35189 and COX 189, is a COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, manufactured by Novartis and still sold in few countries, including Mexico, Ecuador and the Dominican Republic, under the trade name Prexige. Since its original approval, lumiracoxib has been withdrawn from the market in several countries, mostly due to its potential for causing liver failure (sometimes requiring liver transplantation). It has never been approved for use in the United States.

Cimicoxib, aslo known as UR-8880, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in veterinary medicine to treat dogs for pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and for the management of pain and inflammation associated with surgery. It acts as a COX-2 inhibitor.

Emeramide, also known as NBMI, BDTH2 or N,N'-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide, is a mercury/heavy metal chelator. Emeramide molecule consists of two thiol groups and linked via a pair of amide groups. NBMI can be used to chelate heavy metals like lead, cadmium, copper, manganese, zinc, iron, and mercury from ground water, coal tailings, gold ore, waste water of battery-recycling plants, and contaminated soil.

Glycerol phenylbutyrate, also known as HPN-100, is under trials in the treatment of certain inborn urea cycle disorders. The medication works by preventing the harmful buildup of ammonia in the body. Ammonia is a neurotoxic agent that is primarily generated in the intestine and detoxified in the liver. Toxic increases in systemic ammonia levels predominantly result from an inherited or acquired impairment in hepatic detoxification and lead to potentially life-threatening neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Fiboflapon, also known as AM-803 and GSK2190915, is a potent, oral, once daily FLAP inhibitor (5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor). GSK2190915 attenuated the early (0-2 h) and late (4-10 h) asthmatic responses to inhaled allergen compared with placebo. GSK2190915 shows potential as a treatment for patients with asthma. Efficacy was demonstrated for GSK2190915 30 mg compared with placebo in day-time symptom scores and day-time SABA use.

Levoglucose, also known as L-Glucose, is the L-isomer of glucose. It is the enantiomer of the more common D-glucose. L-Glucose does not occur naturally in higher living organisms, but can be synthesized in the laboratory. L-Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from D-glucose, but cannot be used by living organisms as source of energy because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Levoglucose may be used as diagnostic aid.

Arhalofenate, also known as JNJ-39659100 and MBX102, ) is a selective, partial PPAR-γ agonist that lowers glucose in the absence of some of the side effects, such as weight gain and edema, that are observed with the TZDs. Arhalofenate also displays pronounced triglyceride lowering in preclinical rodent models and in humans.

Indeglitazar, also known as PPM-204 and PLX-204, is an orally available peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan-agonist for all three PPAR subtypes alpha (α), delta (δ) and gamma under development for for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Drinabant, also known as AVE1625, is a selective CB1 receptor antagonist under investigation varyingly as a treatment for obesity, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and nicotine dependence. AVE1625 may be useful to treat the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and as a co-treatment with currently available antipsychotics. In addition, an improved side-effect profile was seen, with potential to ameliorate the EPS and weight gain issues with currently available treatments.

Eprotirome, also known as KB-2115, is a liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor agonist that has been shown to lower plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations in previous phase 1 and 2 studies of patients with dyslipidaemia. KB2115 lowers plasma LDL cholesterol and stimulates bile acid synthesis without cardiac effects in humans.

Velneperit, also known as S-2367, is potent and selective neuropeptide Y Y5-receptor antagonist under evaluating for treatment of obesity.

Cariprazine, also known as RGH-188 and MP-214, is an antipsychotic drug received FDA approval on September 17, 2015. Cariprazine acts as a D2 and D3 receptor partial agonist, with high selectivity towards the D3 receptor. Action on the dopaminergic systems makes it also potentially useful as an add-on therapy in major depressive disorder. Cariprazine is approved for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It has also been investigated as a potential adjunct in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

Nesbuvir, also known as HCV-796 and VB-19796, is a potent and selective NS5B polymerase inhibitor with potent anti-hepatitis C virus activity in vitro, in mice with chimeric human livers, and in humans infected with hepatitis C virus. Enzyme assays yielded median inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 0.01 to 0.14 microM for genotype 1, with half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)s) of 5 nM and 9 nM against genotype 1a and 1b replicons. HCV796 demonstrated potent anti-HCV activity consistently through enzyme inhibition assays, subgenomic replicon, and chimeric mouse studies.

Remogliflozin etabonate, also known as GSK 189075A or GSK 189075, is a SGLT2 inhibitor under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Remogliflozin etabonate is a pro-drug of remogliflozin. Remogliflozin inhibits the sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT), which are responsible for glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Blocking this transporter causes blood glucose to be eliminated through the urine. Remogliflozin is selective for SGLT2.

GABOB, also known as γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid, β-hydroxy-GABA, is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico. It is also an endogenous active metabolite and analogue of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and for this reason, may function as a neurotransmitter itself.

Amifampridine is used as a drug, predominantly in the treatment of a number of rare muscle diseases. The phosphate salt of amifampridine is a more stable formulation that does not require refrigeration. In the United States, amifampridine is under investigation for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Amifampridine is also used to treat many of the congenital myasthenic syndromes, particularly those with defects in choline acetyltransferase, downstream kinase 7, and those where any kind of defect causes "fast channel" behaviour of the acetylcholine receptor.

Carisbamate, also known as JNJ-10234094, RWJ 333369 and YKP-509, is an antiepileptic candidate. Carisbamate has powerful disease-modifying effects in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Carisbamate inhibits glutamate transmission in the granule cell of the dentate gyrus. Carisbamate acutely suppresses spasms in a rat model of symptomatic infantile spasms.

Lubiprostone, also known as RU-0211, is a medication used in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation, predominantly irritable bowel syndrome-associated constipation in women and opioid-induced constipation. It was initially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006. Lubiprostone is a bicyclic fatty acid derived from prostaglandin E1 that acts by specifically activating ClC-2 chloride channels on the apical aspect of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, producing a chloride-rich fluid secretion. These secretions soften the stool, increase motility, and promote spontaneous bowel movements (SBM).

Cetilistat, also known as ATL-962, is a drug designed to treat obesity. It acts in the same way as the older drug orlistat (Xenical) by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the intestine. Without this enzyme, triglycerides from the diet are prevented from being hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids and are excreted undigested.

Levobupivacaine is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by Abbott under the trade name Chirocaine. Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 percent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine and has a longer motor block onset time.

Sugammadex is an agent for reversal of neuromuscular blockade by the agent rocuronium in general anaesthesia. It is the first selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA). Sugammadex is a modified γ-cyclodextrin, with a lipophilic core and a hydrophilic periphery. This gamma cyclodextrin has been modified from its natural state by placing eight carboxyl thio ether groups at the sixth carbon positions. These extensions extend the cavity size allowing greater encapsulation of the rocuronium molecule. These negatively charged extensions electrostatically bind to the quaternary nitrogen of the target as well as contribute to the aqueous nature of the cyclodextrin.

Sugammadex sodium is an agent for reversal of neuromuscular blockade by the agent rocuronium in general anaesthesia. It is the first selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA). Sugammadex is a modified γ-cyclodextrin, with a lipophilic core and a hydrophilic periphery. This gamma cyclodextrin has been modified from its natural state by placing eight carboxyl thio ether groups at the sixth carbon positions. These extensions extend the cavity size allowing greater encapsulation of the rocuronium molecule.

Hydrocinchonine is an Alkaloid from Olea europaea. Hydrocinchonine is found in fruits.

Deslorelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone super-agonist (GnRH agonist) also known as an LHRH agonist. It stops the production of sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen). It is currently approved for use in veterinary medicine and is used to induce ovulation in mares as part of the artificial insemination process. It is also used to stabilize high-risk pregnancies, mainly of livestock. Unlike other GnRH agonists, which are mainly used to inhibit luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone by their ultimate downregulation of the pituitary gland.

Deutetrabenazine, also known as SD-809 and Tetrabenazine-d6, is an investigational, oral, small-molecule inhibitor of vesicular monoamine 2 transporter, or VMAT2, that is designed to regulate the levels of a specific neurotransmitter, dopamine, in the brain. Deutetrabenazine is a deuterated tetrabenazine. SD-809 is being developed for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, a neurodegenerative movement disorder that impacts cognition, behavior, and movements. Teva is investigating the broad potential of SD-809 for treating additional movements disorders such as tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Tenidap, also known as CP-66248, is a COX/5-LOX inhibitor and cytokine-modulating anti-inflammatory drug candidate that was under development by Pfizer as a promising potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but Pfizer halted development after marketing approval was rejected by the FDA in 1996 due to liver and kidney toxicity, which was attributed to metabolites of the drug with a thiophene moiety that caused oxidative damage.

Alarelin is a potent LH-RH agonist in rats and mice. Alarelin reversibly delays sexual maturation in rats, stimulates spawning activity in fish. GnRH ( gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Glp-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2), which is also referred as LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) or gonadorelin, is crucial for mammalian reproduction and is released from hypothalamic neurons. It is responsible for the secretion of gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), from the pituitary glands.

Argpressin is the predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. Argpressin is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked CYSTEINES at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus or to improve vasomotor tone and blood pressure.

Felypressin is a Vasopressin 1 agonist, and will thus have effects at all Arginine vasopressin receptor 1As. Felypressin has equipotent pressure responses when compared with epinephrine, showing a greater extent of action. Felypressin is safe for hypertensive subjects, in particular those receiving atenolol.

Insulinotropin, also known as GLP-1 (7-37) and Tglp-1, is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion at concentrations as low as 5 X 10(-11) M (3- to 10-fold increases over basal). GLP-I(1-37) had no effect on insulin secretion even at concentrations as high as 5 X 10(-7) M. The earlier demonstration of specific liberation of GLP-I(7-37) in the intestine and pancreas, and the magnitude of the insulinotropic effect at such low concentrations, suggest that GLP-I(7-37) participates in the physiological regulation of insulin secretion.

Gonadorelin is a decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stim. Gonadorelin has been shown to have gonadotropin-releasing effects upon the anterior pituitary.

Lysipressin Acetate is an analog of Vasopressin, a powerful vasopressor used to modulate blood pressure. An endogenous antidiuretic hormone in most mammalian species. It is released into the blood from nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary and median eminence. It is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and also implicated in a variety of physiological processes such as regulating water balance by antidiuretic action.

Ornipressin is a vasoconstrictor, haemostatic and renal agent. Ornipressin (Por 8) is also an efficient alternative to counteract hypotension during combined general/epidural anesthesia. Ornipressin plus dopamine can be a useful therapeutic option in patients with HRS type 1, especially as bridge to liver transplantation.

Sermorelin, also known as GHRH (1-29), is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue used as a diagnostic agent. It is a 29-amino acid polypeptide representing the 1–29 fragment from endogenous human GHRH, and is thought to be the shortest fully functional fragment of GHRH.[1] It is used as a diagnostic agent to assess growth hormone (GH) secretion. It is also used as doping agent in sports due to its correlation with increased growth of muscular and skeletal tissue.[citation needed] Sermorelin use is also hypothesized to improve deep rapid eye movement sleep.

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH), is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other of 28 amino acids which is the short form with another 14 amino acids at one end.

Splenopentin, also known as SP-5, is a synthetic immunomodulating peptide corresponding to the region 32-34 of a splenic product called splenin (SP) and the thymic hormone thymopoietin (TP), respectively. Splenopentin can reproduce the biological activities of TP and SP, respectively.

Atosiban, also known as ORF 22164, RWJ 22164, is an inhibitor of the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. It is used as an intravenous medication as a labour repressant (tocolytic) to halt premature labor. Although initial studies suggested it could be used as a nasal spray and hence would not require hospital admission, it is not used in that form. It was developed by Ferring Pharmaceuticals in Sweden and first reported in the literature in 1985. Originally marketed by Ferring Pharmaceuticals, it is licensed in proprietary and generic forms for the delay of imminent pre-term birth in pregnant adult women.

Bimatoprost isopropyl ester is an F-series prostaglandin analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug, sold under the Allergan trade name Bimatoprost.

(+)-Cloprostenol is a PGF2α agonist and a synthetic analog of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). (+)-Cloprostenol reliably induces luteolysis in luteal phase mares without evoking clinical side effects or a stress response. Note: pure (+)-Cloprostenol isopropyl ester is an oily material. For the convenience of use, this product is supplied as ethanol solution at concentration of 200mg / mL.

Limaprost, also known as ONO 1206 and OP1206, is an analog of PGE1 with structural modifications intended to give it a prolonged half-life and greater potency. Limaprost is orally active. Limaprost reduces motor disturbances by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor I in rats subjected to spinal cord injury.

(+)-Cloprostenol sodium is a water soluble, synthetic analog of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). It is an FP receptor agonist and a potent luteolytic agent in rats and hamsters.

Neridronic acid, also known neridronate, is a bisphosphonate. In Italy it is used to treat Osteogenesis imperfecta and Paget's disease of bone. Neridronic acid treatment has been reported to be effective also in other skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, algodystrophy, hypercalcemia of malignancy and bone metastasis. Neridronic acid has been developed only for parenteral use, and it is the only one used as intramuscular injection.

Mozavaptan, also known as OPC 31260, is a vasopressin receptor antagonist marketed by Otsuka. In Japan, it was approved in October 2006 for hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) due to ADH producing tumors.

Fenspiride is an oxazolidinone spiro compound used as a drug in the treatment of certain respiratory diseases. The pharmacotherapeutic classification is antitussives. In Russia it is approved for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of ENT organs (ear, nose, throat) and the respiratory tract (like rhinopharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, otitis and sinusitis), as well as for maintenance treatment of asthma.

Tenatoprazole, also known as TU-199, is a proton pump inhibitor drug candidate that was undergoing clinical testing as a potential treatment for reflux oesophagitis and peptic ulcer. Tenatoprazole has an imidazopyridine ring in place of the benzimidazole moiety found in other proton pump inhibitors, and has a half-life about seven times longer than other PPIs.

Zardaverine is a Phosphodiesterase 3/4 inhibitor. Zardaverine exhibits potent and selective antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo independently of phosphodiesterase inhibition. Zardaverine may be also useful for both, bronchorelaxation and reduction of inflammation in asthma therapy.

Naldemedine, also known as S 297995, is a peripherally-selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist under development by Shionogi for the treatment of opioid-induced adverse effects including constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Clinical studies have thus far found it to possess statistically significant effectiveness for these indications and to be generally well-tolerated with predominantly mild to moderate gastrointestinal side effects. No effects indicative of central opioid withdrawal or impact on the analgesic or mydriatic effects of co-administered opioids have been observed.

Cromakalim, also known as BRL 34915, is a potassium channel-opening vasodilator. The active isomer is levcromakalim. It acts on ATP-sensitive potassium channels and so causes membrane hyperpolarization. It can be used to treat hypertension as it will relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure. Hyperpolarisation of smooth muscle cell membranes pulls their membrane potential away from the threshold, so making it more difficult to excite them and thereby cause contraction.

Daminozide is a plant growth regulator, a chemical sprayed on fruit to regulate their growth, make their harvest easier, and keep apples from falling off the trees before they are ripe. This makes sure they are red and firm for storage. Alar was first approved for use in the U.S. in 1963, it was primarily used on apples until 1989 when it was voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed banning it based on concerns about cancer risks to consumers.

Ebrotidine, also known as FI-3542, is an H2 receptor antagonist with gastroprotective activity against ethanol-, aspirin- or stress-induced gastric mucosal damage. The antisecretory properties of ebrotidine are similar to those of ranitidine, and approximately 10-fold greater than those of cimetidine. Ebrotidine has anti-Helicobacter pylori activity via inhibition of the urease enzyme and the proteolytic and mucolytic activities of the bacterium. However, its activity is synergistic with a number of antibacterial agents. Ebrotidine counteracts the inhibitory effects of H. pylori lipopolysaccharides. Ebrotidine has been shown to be as effective as ranitidine for the treatment of gastric or duodenal ulcers or erosive reflux oesophagitis, with significantly better ulcer healing rates (albeit inexplicably) in those who smoke.

Ivermectin is a medication that is effective against many types of parasites. It is used to treat head lice, scabies, river blindness, strongyloidiasis, and lymphatic filariasis, among others. Ivermectin and other avermectins (insecticides most frequently used in home-use ant baits) are macrocyclic lactones derived from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin kills by interfering with nervous system and muscle function, in particular by enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission. Ivermectin is a mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (CAS# 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (CAS# 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis.

Tilbroquinol is a quinoline-based antibiotics.

Pafuramidine, also known as DB289, is an orally bioavailable prodrug of furamidine (DB75) which was developed for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Pafuramidine is less toxic than previous diamidines such as pentamidine. To date, human trials suggest that pafuramidine is well tolerated overall and has clinical activity against Pneumocystis pneumonia. DB289 is a promising new antimalarial compound that could become an important component of new antimalarial combinations.

Pamabrom is a diuretic product included in retail drugs available in over-the-counter medications. The active diuretic ingredient in pamabrom is 8-bromotheophylline. Pamabrom is used in combination with acetaminophen (paracetamol) for various conditions such as back pain and menstrual relief. The acetaminophen helps reduce menstrual pains and the pamabrom reduces associated bloating.

Phthalocyanine Chloroaluminum, also known as Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride, is an intensely blue-green-coloured aromatic macrocyclic compound that is widely used in dyeing. Phthalocyanine Chloroaluminum is a powerful photosensitizer and is useful in PDT. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines light, molecular oxygen and a photosensitizer to induce oxidative stress in target cells.

Eticlopride, also known as FLB 131, is a substituted benzamide analog with high affinity and selectivity for dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors that was initially developed as a potential antipsychotic agent. It is primarily used in pharmacological research. Eticlopride accelerates extinction and delays reacquisition of food self-administration in rats. Eticlopride induce microcatalepsy during operant performance in rats.

Raclopride, also known as FLA 870, a selective antagonist on D2 dopamine receptor. Its selectivity to the cerebral D2 receptors is characterized by its respective Ki-values, which are as follows: 1.8, 3.5, 2400 and 18000 nM for D2, D3, D4 and D1 receptors respectively. It can be radiolabelled with radioisotopes, e.g. 3H or 11C and used as a tracer for in vitro imaging (autoradiography) as well as in vivo imaging positron emission tomography (PET). Images obtained by cerebral PET scanning (e.g. PET/CT or PET/MRI) allow the non-invasive assessment of the binding capacity of the cerebral D2 dopamine receptor, which can be useful for the diagnosis of movement disorders.

Sulfamerazine is a long-acting sulfanilamide antibacterial agent. Sulfamerazine inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for the binding site on dihydropteroate synthase.

Ozenoxacin, also known as GF-001001-00; M-5120; T-3912; GF-00100100, is an experimental quinolone antibiotic being developed for the treatment of impetigo and other dermatological bacterial infections. Ozenoxacin is active against some bacteria that have developed resistance to currently used quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Morinidazole was approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) on February 24, 2014. Morinidazole is a nitroimidazoles antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections including appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Morinidazole is a nitroimidazoles antibiotic indicated for the treatment of bacterial infections including appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Aceneuramic acid, also known as NPC-09; Ace-ER; UX-001; Neu-5Ac; SA-ER; AceER. is an immunomodulator potentially for treatment of hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM). Aceneuramic acid is an N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.

Aildenafil, also known as Methisosildenafil, is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor and a structural analog of sildenafil (Viagra). It was first reported in 2003, and it is not approved by any health regulation agency. Like sildenafil, aildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. Aildenafil has been found as an adulterant in a variety of supplements which are sold as "natural" or "herbal" sexual enhancement products. The United States Food and Drug Administration has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant.

Rapacuronium Bromide, also known as Org 9487, is a rapidly acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker formerly used in modern anaesthesia, to aid and enable endotracheal intubation, which is often necessary to assist in the controlled ventilation of unconscious patients during surgery and sometimes in intensive care. As a non-depolarizing agent it did not cause initial stimulation of muscles before weakening them. Due to risk of fatal bronchospasm it was withdrawn from the United States market by Organon on March 27, 2001, less than 2 years after its FDA approval in 1999.

Oxyphenbutazone, also known as G-29701, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a metabolite of phenylbutazone.

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, also known as MPA, is a steroidal progestin, a synthetic variant of the steroid hormone progesterone. It is used as a contraceptive, in hormone replacement therapy and for the treatment of endometriosis as well as several other indications. MPA is a more potent derivative of its parent compound medroxyprogesterone (MP). While medroxyprogesterone is sometimes used as a synonym for medroxyprogesterone acetate, what is almost always being referred to is MPA and not MP It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.

Alpidem is an anxiolytic drug from the imidazopyridine family, related to the more well known sleeping medication zolpidem. Unlike zolpidem however, alpidem does not produce sedative effects at normal doses, and is instead used specifically for the treatment of anxiety. It was approved for marketing in France in 1991 and was withdrawn fin 1994 and is not approved for marketing anywhere in the world. Alpidem has nanomolar binding affinity for both the central benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) (translocator protein 18 kDa) (PBR (Ki ) 0.5-7 nM) and CBR (Ki ) 1-28 nM, respectively).

Butibufen, also known as FF-106, is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor used to treat inflammatory and rheumatic disorders. utibufen was within the potency range of ibuprofen as an antipyretic and analgesic agent and greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. The compound possesses the advantage of a low order to toxicity. Its ulcerogenicity was much lower than that of phenylbutazone. Therefore, butibufen appears to offer potential safety and efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Butibufen was now withdraw from the market.

Suxibuzone is a analgesic used for joint and muscular pain. It is a prodrug of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone, and is commonly used in horses.

Veralipride is a benzamide neuroleptic medicine indicated in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with the menopause. It was first authorised for use in 1979. Veralipride was withdraw from the market in 2007.

Taribavirin, also known as Viramidine, is an antiviral drug candidate. It is a prodrug of ribavirin, active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. Taribavirin has better liver-targeting than ribavirin, and has a shorter life in the body due to less penetration and storage in red blood cells. It is expected eventually to be the drug of choice for viral hepatitis syndromes in which ribavirin is active. These include hepatitis C and perhaps also hepatitis B and yellow fever.

Sunepitron, also known as CP-93,393 or CP-93,393-1 (HCl), is a combined 5-HT1A receptor agonist and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It was previously under development by Pfizer for the treatment of depression and anxiety. It made it to phase III clinical trials before being discontinued.

Darodipine, also known as PY-108068, is a potent a calcium antagonist. Darodipine dose-depentently blocks I(Ca,L) in rat isolated cardiomyocytes. Darodipine exerts protective effects against free-radical-induced electrophysiological alterations independently of its calcium antagonistic properties; this effect is possibly due to trapping of specific radical species. .

Selfotel, also known as CGS-19755 and CPDD 0027, is a competitive NMDA antagonist. Selfotel directly competes with glutamate for binding to the receptor. Initial studies showed it to have anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, analgesic and neuroprotective effects, and it was originally researched for the treatment of stroke, but subsequent animal and human studies showed phencyclidine-like effects, as well as limited efficacy and evidence for possible neurotoxicity under some conditions, and so clinical development was ultimately discontinued.

Remacemide, also known as PR-934423 and FPL 12924AA, is a low-affinity NMDA antagonist with sodium channel blocking properties. It has been studied for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Remacemide binds weakly and noncompetitively to the ionic channel site of the NMDA receptor complex. Remacemide binds both allosterically and in the channel. However, because remacemide binds so weakly to NMDAR, much of remacemide's in vivo effect against excitotoxicity is thought to be caused by its metabolic transformation to the more potent desglycine derivative FPL 12495.

Foropafant, also known as SR-27417; SR-27417A, is a potent platelet activating factor (PAF) inhibitor potentially for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). SR 27417 inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the hypotensive effect of PAF in rats. It protected rats with an ED50 value of 6 +/- 2 micrograms/kg (n = 6), when given i.v., 1 min before PAF administration. PAF plays a major role in anaphylactic shock. SR 27417 may be an effective prophylactic as well as a potent curative drug in this pathology.

Bretazenil, also known as Ro 16-6028, is GABA A receptor agonist potentially for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Bretazenil differs from traditional 1,4-benzodiazepines by being a partial agonist and because it binds to α1, α2, α3, α4, α5 and α6 subunit containing GABAA receptor benzodiazepine receptor complexes. 1,4-benzodiazepines bind only to α1, α2, α3 and α5 GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complexes.

Pyridoxamine, also known as K-163, is one form of vitamin B6. Chemically it is based on a pyridine ring structure, with hydroxyl, methyl, aminomethyl, and hydroxymethyl substituents. It differs from pyridoxine by the substituent at the 4-position. The phenol at position 3 and aminomethyl group at position 4 of its ring endow pyridoxamine with a variety of chemical properties, including the scavenging of free radical species and carbonyl species formed in sugar and lipid degradation and chelation of metal ions that catalyze Amadori reactions.

Ranirestat, also known as AS-3201; SX-3201, is an aldose reductase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma and PharmaKyorin. It has been granted orphan drug status. The drug is to be used orally. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes one of the steps in sorbitol (polyol) pathway which is responsible for formation of fructose from glucose. Aldose reductase activity is increased, parallel to glucose blood levels, in tissues that are not insulin sensitive, including lenses, peripheral nerves and renal glomeruli. Sorbitol does not diffuse through cell membranes easily and therefore accumulates in these tissues, causing osmotic damage, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy.

Mofegiline, also known as MDL-72974, or MDL-72974A (HCl salt), is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) which was under investigation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, but was never marketed.

Midafotel, also known as SDZ-EAA 494 and D-CPP-ene, is a potent, competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor. It was originally designed as a potential therapy for excitotoxicity, epilepsy or neuropathic pain. It looked very promising in in vitro trials proving to be a potent competitive antagonist at the NMDA without affecting other receptors.

Ganaxolone, also known as CCD 1042 and C1042, is a CNS-selective GABAA modulator that acts on well-characterized targets in the brain known to have anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. Ganaxolone protects against seizures in diverse animal models, including the pentylenetetrazol, 6 Hz and amygdala kindling models. Ganaxolone is a positive allosteric modulator of the action of the GABAA receptor and, unlike benzodiazepines, there does not appear to be tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of ganaxolone.

Pimagedine, also known as aminoguanidine, MDL-201228; YM-585; GER-11, is an AGE Inhibitor potentially for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Pimagedine is also a diamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. It acts to reduce levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through interacting with 3-deoxyglucosone.

Licarbazepine, also known as BIA-2-005; GP-47779; LIC-477; LIC-477D; TRI-477, is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects that is related to oxcarbazepine. It is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine. In addition, an isomer of licarbazepine, eslicarbazepine ((S)-(+)-licarbazepine), is an active metabolite of eslicarbazepine acetate. Oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine acetate are inactive on their own, and behave instead as prodrugs to licarbazepine and eslicarbazepine, respectively, to produce their therapeutic effects.

Acetylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine is potentially for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, the second most abundant carbohydrate after cellulose. In addition to serving as a component of this homogeneous polysaccharide, GlcNAc is also a basic component of hyaluronic acid and keratin sulfate on the cell surface. GlcNAc has been reported to be an inhibitor of elastase release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (range 8–17% inhibition), however this is much weaker than the inhibition seen with N-acetylgalactosamine (range 92–100%).

Pimavanserin, also known as ACP-103, is a non-dopaminergic atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis and schizophrenia. Pimavanserin has a unique mechanism of action relative to other antipsychotics, behaving as a selective inverse agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, with 40-fold selectivity for this site over the 5-HT2C receptor and no significant affinity or activity at the 5-HT2B receptor or dopamine receptors. It was approved by the FDA to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with psychosis experienced by some people with Parkinson's disease on April 29, 2016.

Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, also known as Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; THPB; HP-beta-CD; HPbCD; HP-beta-CyD; VTS-270; HPbetaCD; HPbetaCyD, is a drug candidate potentially for the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C diseases. In April 2009, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbCD) was first approved.

Sorbinil, also known as CP-45634, is an aldose reductase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme present in lens and brain that gets rid of excess glucose by converting it to sorbitol. Sorbitol accumulation can lead to the development of cataracts in the lens and neuropathy in peripheral nerves. Sorbinil has been shown to inhibit aldose reductase in human brain and placenta and calf and rat lens. Sorbinil reduced sorbitol accummulation in rat lens and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats orally administered 0.25mg/kg sorbinil.

Pregnanolone, also known as 3a5b-Pregnanolone; Kabi-2213, SKF 6455, Eltanolone, is a cell membrane modulator potentially for the treatment of pain. Pregnanolone is an endogenous neurosteroid that is biosynthesized from progesterone. It is a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, as well as a negative allosteric modulator of the glycine receptor, and is known to have sedative, anxiolytic, anesthetic, and anticonvulsant effects. It was investigated for clinical use as a general anesthetic, but produced unwanted side effects such as convulsions on occasion, and for that reason was never marketed.

Tesaglitazar, also known as AR-H-039242XX; AZ-242; ARH-039242XX, is a PPAR agonist potentially for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The drug had completed several phase III clinical trials, however in May, 2006 AstraZeneca announced that it had discontinued further development.

Bicifadine HCl, also known as DOV-220075, CL 220,075, is a SNDR inhibitor potentially for the treatment of lower back pain. Bicifadine has a non-opioid, non-NSAID mechanism for the treatment of pain, which should have less abuse potential than opioid drugs and less propensity to cause gastric ulcers than NSAID drugs. While the drug is purported to be a serotonin (SERT) and noradrenaline transporter (NET) inhibitor, it also has effects at the dopamine transporter (DAT), effectively making it a broad-spectrum monoamine transporter inhibitor or "triple reuptake inhibitor."

Bufuralol, also known as Ro-34787, is a β-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity and is potentially useful for the treatment of hypertension. It is metabolized by CYP2D6. Most beta blockers are aryloxypropanolamine-based. In this rare exception, the benzofuran oxygen is part of a ring instead of derived from the epichlorohydrin precursor.

Arasertaconazole is a sterol-14-alpha demethylation inhibitor potentially for treatment of vulvovaginal candcanidiasis.

Methylthioninium Chloride, also known as TRx-014 and Methylene blue, has many uses in biology and chemistry; for example, it can be used as a stain and as a medication. Methylene blue should not be confused with methyl blue, another histology stain, new methylene blue, nor with the methyl violets often used as pH indicators. Methylthioninium Chloride is also tau protein inhibitor potentially for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease.

Nitecapone, also known as OR-462, is a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of peptic ulcer. Nitecapone reduces development and symptoms of neuropathic pain after spinal nerve ligation in rats. Nitecapone reduces cardiac neutrophil accumulation in clinical open heart surgery. Nitecapone inhibits myeloperoxidase in vitro and enhances functional performance after 8 h of ischemia in experimental heart transplantation.

Aminothiadiazole, also known as NSC-4728; A-TDA; ADTA, is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of solid tumours. Aminothiadiazole is a synthetic derivative of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Aminothiadiazole competitively inhibits inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, thereby disrupting the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of cells. This agent is also a selective human adenosine A3 receptor antagonist.

Fialuridine, also known as FIAU, DRG-0098, is a DNA-directed DNA polymerase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of HBV infection. Fialuridine induces acute liver failure in chimeric TK-NOG mice: a model for detecting hepatic drug toxicity prior to human testing. Fialuridine is phosphorylated and inhibits DNA synthesis in isolated rat hepatic mitochondria. Fialuridine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase gamma at sites of multiple adjacent analog incorporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochondrial structural defects in cultured hepatoblasts.

Adaptavir, also known as RAP-101, DAPTA, and mDAPTA, is a CCR5 receptor antagonist potentially for the treatment of HIV infection and HBV infection.

Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a white solid although because of its sensitivity toward oxygen, samples are typically brownish. Pyrogallol can be used in hair dying, dying of suturing materials and for oxygen absorption in gas analysis. It also has antiseptic properties. Pyrogallol was also used as a developing agent in black-and-white developers, but its use is largely historical except for special purpose applications. (Hydroquinone is more commonly used today.)

Pregnenolone is a natural steroid hormone that serves as a precursor for a wide range of steroids, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.

Linamarin, also known as Phaseolunatin, is a glucoside of acetone cyanohydrin found in the leaves and roots of cassava, lima beans, and flax. Upon exposure to enzymes and gut flora in the human intestine, linamarin and its methylated relative lotaustralin can decompose to the toxic chemical hydrogen cyanide; hence food uses of plants that contain significant quantities of linamarin require extensive preparation and detoxification.

Terizidone is a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Terizidone is used mainly used in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in conjunction with other second-line drugs. It is a derivate of cycloserine and it is bacteriostatic.

Dextrophan tartrate is a glutamate receptor antagonist potentially for the treatment of stroke. Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. It is the dextrorotatory-stereoisomer of racemorphan, the levo-half being levorphanol. Dextrorphan is produced by O-demethylation of dextromethorphan by CYP2D6. Dextrorphan is an NMDA antagonist and contributes to the psychoactive effects of dextromethorphan.

Edaglitazone, also known as R-483; RO-2052349-602; BM-13.1258; RO-2052349-000; Ro-205-2349, is a PPARγ agonist potentially for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Edarglitazone, restores acute inflammatory responses to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the diabetic ob/ob mouse.

Albaconazole, also known as UR-9825; W-0027, is a 14alpha-Demethylase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of fungal infection.

Isovaleramide, also known as NPS-1776, is a drug potentially for the treatment of migraine.

Ipamorelin, also known as NNC-26-0161, is a a ghrelin mimetic. Ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. Ipamorelin may ameliorate the symptoms in patients with POI. Ipamorelin accelerates gastric emptying in a rodent model of postoperative ileus through the stimulation of gastric contractility by activating a ghrelin receptor-mediated mechanism involving cholinergic excitatory neurons.

Clovoxamine, also known as DU 23811, is a nontricyclic antidepressant and has a dual action in blocking the reuptake of both noradrenaline and serotonin. Clovoxamine has little affinity for muscarinic, histaminergic, serotonergic and adrenergic binding sites. Clovoxamine induces a decrease in the functional beta-adrenergic receptor coupled c-AMP response.

Tyropanoate sodium, also known as sodium tyropanoate, is a radiocontrast agent used in cholecystography (X-ray diagnosis of gallstones). The molecule contains three heavy iodine atoms which obstruct X-rays to produce a visible image. After injection, it is rapidly excreted into the bile.

Tosufloxacin, also known as T-3262, is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat susceptible infections. It has a controversial safety profile in relation to other fluoroquinolones. It is associated with severe thrombocytopenia and nephritis, and hepatotoxicity. It is sold in Japan under the brand name Ozex.

Tolfenamic acid, also known as Clotam, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Tolfenamic acid interferes with synthesis of β-amyloid precursor protein, and thus Aβ peptides, by promoting degradation of an essential transcription factor. Tolfenamic acid has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer activities in several types of cancer.

Tiaramide hydrochloride, also known as Tiaramide and FK-1160, is an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the action of mediators released from mast cells and has direct smooth muscle relaxant properties. It may therefore have a beneficial effect in asthma.

Sultiame, also known as Riker 594 and Ospolot, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to treat epilepsy.

Sulconazole Nitrate, also known as Sulconazole and RS-44872, is an imidazole antifungal agent used to treat fungal skin infections.

Repirinast, also known as MY-5116, is a mediator release inhibitor used to treat asthma.

Pyritinol, also known as pyrithioxine, is a neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.

Pheneturide, also known as S-46 and Benuride, is an anticonvulsant, of the ureide class, used to treat epilepsy.

Phenelzine Sulfate, also known as Nardil and W-1544, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used to treat depression, phobic disorders, and panic.

Perospirone HCl Dihydrate, also known as SM-9018 and Lullan, is an atypical antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. Its primary mode of action is through antagonism of serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors.

Penfluridol, also known as R-16341 and Semap, is long-acting anti-psychotic agent used for maintenance or long-term therapy of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Penfluridol distributes extensively in fatty tissues following oral administration. This depot effect produces a very slow release of drug from the tissues, and results in a very long duration of activity. 3. Penfluridol is extensively metabolized by oxidative N-dealkylation to afford, as isolated metabolites, the beta-glucuronide conjugate of the diphenylbutyric acid derivative A1 and the unconjugated basic piperidine moiety B1.

Pancuronium Bromide, also known as Pavulon and NA-97, is a bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent, Pancuronium bromide is more potent than curare but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Ozagrel Sodium, also known as KCT-0809 and Cataclot, is a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor used to treat cerebrovascular diseases.

Oxitropium Bromide, also known as BA-253 and Oxivent, is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary.

Orphenadrine Hydrochloride, also known as BS5930 and Disipal, is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.

Naftazone, also known as Etioven, is a vasoprotectant drug used for hemostasis. Naftazone is shown to accelerate human saphenous vein endothelial cell proliferation in vitro at concentrations which did not alter the hemostatic balance.

Morniflumate, also known as UP-164 and Morniflu, is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat inflammation.

Monoctanoin, also known as Glyceryl 1-caprylate and Moctanin, is a monoglyceride used to dissolve gallstones that are caused by cholesterol.

Mesalamine, also known as Asacol and 5-ASA, is an IkB kinase inhibitor structurally related to the salicylates, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. Mesalamine is used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Menatetrenone (also known as Vitamin K-2[20], Vitamin MK-4, and E-3100) is a vitamin K compound used as a hemostatic agent, and also as adjunctive therapy for the pain of osteoporosis.

Isoflurane, also known as Forane and Terrell, is a stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, that has been reported to induce caspase-3 activation.

Ipriflavone, also known as Yambolap and FL-113, is an osteoclast inhibitor and is effective for enhancing osteoblastic bone formation.

Iopanoic Acid, also known as Telepaque, is an iodine containing oral cholecystographic agent that has been used to treat hyperthyroidism. Iopanoic acid is also a radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.

Indocyanine Green, also known as Cardio-Green and Fox, is a tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.

Halothane, also known as Fluothane, is a CYP3A4 substrate used for anesthesia.

Anhydrous Fusidic Acid, also known as Fucidin and SQ-16603, is a protein synthesis inhibitor used to treat bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.

Fluorescein Sodium, also known as Fluorescite and VST-1001, is a phthalic indicator dye that is used therapeutically as a diagnostic aid in corneal injuries and corneal trauma.

Flufenamic Acid (also known as CI-440, CN-27554, and INF-1837) is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor used to treat inflammation and pain.

Floctafenine, also known as R-4318 and Idarac, is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.

Feprazone, also known as Prenazone and DA-2370, is a pyrazolone anti-inflammatory agent used for joint and muscular pain.

Fenbufen, also known as Cinopal and CL-82204, is an arylpropionic acid derivative belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Etofylline, also known as BRN-0251760, is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist used to treat respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. Etofylline is often used as a bronchodilator.

Ethenzamide, also known as HP-209, is an anti-inflammatory used and to reduce fever and pain.