1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) is a synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes. 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is used for the study of lipid monolayers and bilayers.

C24 is a novel multiprotic ionizable lipid. C24 lipid nanoparticle (LNP) has a multistage protonation behavior resulting in greater endosomal protonation and greater translation compared to the standard reference MC3 LNP. C24 LNP also lower injection site inflammation and higher stability compared to MC3 LNP.

1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC is a phospholipid containing the saturated long-chain (18:0) stearic acid inserted at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

L319 (LIPID 319) is a novel ionizable, biodegradable lipid for delivery of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). L319-LPN displays rapid elimination with pKa of 6.38 and also shows well tolerated up to 10 mg/kg.

BAMEA-O16B is a disulfide bond-containing ionizable cationic lipid. BAMEA-O16B, a lipid nanoparticle integrated with disulfide bonds, can efficiently deliver Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into cells while releasing RNA in response to the reductive intracellular environment for genome editing as fast as 24 h post mRNA delivery.

DEPC, also known as DC22:1PC or SJN79954, is a phospholipid containing erucic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. DEPC is a useful reagent in drug formulation study. It has been used in the study of lipid membranes and to determine the effect of long-chain phospholipids on the secondary structure of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP).

ATX-126(ATX-0126, 10p) is an ionizable cationic lipid (pKa = 6.38).It has been used in the generation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the delivery of siRNA. Intravenous administration of LNPs containing ATX-126(ATX-0126, 10p) and encapsulating Factor VII siRNA decrease Factor VII blood levels in mice.

Lipid A9 is an ionizable cationic lipid (pKa = 6.27) that has been used in the generation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the delivery of mRNA and siRNA in vivo. LNPs containing lipid A9 and encapsulating non-stimulatory siRNA increase plasma levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), indicating activation of the innate immune response, and decrease body weight in mice.

tri-GalNAc-COOH is an asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) ligand that can be used for LYsosome TArgeting Chimera (LYTAC) research.

Nusinersen is an antisense oligonucleotide drug that modifies pre–messenger RNA splicing of the SMN2 gene and thus promotes increased production of full-length SMN protein.

Tofersen (BIIB067) is an antisense oligonucleotide that mediates RNase H-dependent degradation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mRNA to reduce the synthesis of SOD1 protein. Tofersen can be used for the research of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Tivanisiran (SYL1001) is a siRNA used for the study of dry eye disease. Tivanisiran was designed to silence transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).

Remlarsen (MRG-201), a miR-29b mimic, acts a miR-29b agonist. Remlarsen has the potential for preventiong formation of a fibrotic scar or cutaneous fibrosis.

Miravirsen (SPC-3649), a β-d-oxy-locked nucleic acid-modified phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, inhibit the biogenesis of miR-122. Miravirsen (SPC-3649) is used in the study for HCV infections.

Inclisiran (ALN-PCSsc) is a double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule that inhibits the transcription of PCSK-9. Inclisiran can be used for hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) research.

ARO-AAT is a second-generation RNAi drug. ARO-AAT consistes of a cholesterol-conjugated RNAi trigger (chol-RNAi) to selectively degrade AAT mRNA by RNAi and a melittin-derived peptide conjugated to N-acetylgalactosamine (NAG) formulated as the excipient EX1 to promote endosomal escape of the chol-RNAi in hepatocytes.

Lumasiran (ALN-G01), a siRNA product, reduces hepatic oxalate production by targeting glycolate oxidase. By silencing the gene encoding glycolate oxidase, Lumasiran depletes glycolate oxidase and thereby inhibits the synthesis of oxalate, which is the toxic metabolite that is directly associated with the clinical manifestations of Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1).

Rovanersen (WVE-120101) is an antisense oligonucleotide that can be used for huntington’s disease research.

C12-200 is a cationic lipid for Lipid NanoParticles as delivery systems for enabling the therapeutic potential of siRNA, mRNA or CRISPR as they exhibit remarkable in vivo potencies at low doses.C12-200 is a common positive control ionizable lipid for exploring new ionizable lipids. C12-200 is an ionizable lipid with five tails. The tri-palmitoyl-Sglyceryl cysteine linked to the pentapeptide (Pam3)-modified C12-200 iLNPs was developed to deliver tumor antigen mRNA for enhancing the mRNA-mediated cancer immunotherapy. The results of the therapeutic evaluation showed that Pam3- modified C12-200 iLNPs could almost inhibit tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. To improve delivery efficiency, the formulation was optimized to replace the phospholipids from DSPC to DOPE, and the result showed that optimized formulation induced EPO protein expression was seven times that of the initial formulation,[35] and the formulation has been used in the study for mRNA-mediated human α-galactosidase protein replacement therapy in mice and nonhuman primates.

PEG2000-DSPE is used for creating micelles that are able to carry drugs with low solubility.

ssPalmO-Phe(SS-OP) is a self-degradable material for the delivery of oligonucleotides. ssPalmO-Phe is a self-degradable derivative of ssPalm that is self-degraded in the intraparticle space by a specific hydrolytic reaction. ssPalmO-Phe is beneficial for overcoming the plasma/endosomal membrane, LNP-ssPalmO-Phe can be used to deliver both nucleic acids.

C14-4 (C14-494,Lipid B-4,Lipid B4) is a novel ionizable lipid with the highest T-cell transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity.The C14-4 ionizable lipid has been explored for CAR-T therapy.To screen the excellent formulations for mRNA delivery, a lipid library of 24 ionizable lipids was constructed to make iLNPs, which were used to deliver luciferase mRNA into Jurkat cells.[115] The optimal iLNPs formulation was C14-4 iLNPs (C14-4 ionizable lipid, DOPE, chol, and PEG at a molar ratio of 35%, 16%, 46.5%, and 2.5%) (Figure 6c). The optimal dose of luciferase mRNA for C14-4 iLNPs was 30 ng. Compared with electroporated CAR T cells, the CAR T cells engineered via C14-4 iLNPs showed potent cancer-killing activity when they were cocultured with Nalm-6 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. To obtain a safer and more effective CAR mRNA delivery vehicle, the orthogonal design provided 256 potential formulations, and 16 representative iLNPs formulations were evaluated.Through evaluating the safety, delivery efficiency, and transfection efficiency of 16 iLNPs, the formulation B10 (C14-4 ionizable lipid, DOPE, chol, PEG at a molar ratio of 40%, 30%, 25%, and 2.5%) was screened out as the optimal performing formulation. The luciferase expression based on B10 formulation was increased threefold than the initial formulation. Reducing the accumulation and clearance of iLNPs in the liver can increase the expression of CAR mRNA in T cells, further improving the therapeutic effect of CAR-T. Studies have shown that cholesterol analogs can alter the mechanisms of intracellular circulation and enhance the delivery of mRNA, which may be related to the reduced recognition of iLNPs by the Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) enzyme.The addition of a hydroxyl group to various locations in the cholesterol molecule can alter the binding kinetics between the modified cholesterol and NPC1, and reduced NPC1 recognition of cholesterol. The results showed that replacement of 25% and 50% 7 α-hydroxycholesterol for cholesterol in iLNPs improved mRNA delivery to primary human T cells in vitro by 1.8-fold and twofold, respectively.C14-4 is one of the ionizable lipids to efficiently deliver mRNA to Jurkat cells or primary human T cells. It will effectively promote the development of mRNA delivery by iLNPs for CAR-T therapy.