The polymer with ketone mercaptan as the fragment can form the shell of the nanocore, and simultaneously contain the polyorubicin and light sensitive compounds to achieve dual roles. Ketothiol polymers can also be used directly as drug carriers to contain paclitaxel ROS responsive groups, often in combination with a variety of methods. ROS, as the connecting part, connects the hydrophilic part and the hydrophobic part of the nanocarrier. When the nanocarrier encounters ROS, it breaks and releases drugs: the ROS responsive group can also act as the part connecting drug molecules and nanocarriers to release drugs under oxidation. Common ROS responsive groups generally contain sulfur, boron and tellurium. In addition, in order to inactivate the protein, ROS responsive groups can also be used to block the active center of the protein. Common ROS responsive genes include: polypropylene sulfide, borate, thione, tellurium, selenium, ferrocene, anthocyanins, etc.

The polymer with ketone mercaptan as the fragment can form the shell of the nanocore, and simultaneously contain the polyorubicin and light sensitive compounds to achieve dual roles. Ketothiol polymers can also be used directly as drug carriers to contain paclitaxel ROS responsive groups, often in combination with a variety of methods. ROS, as the connecting part, connects the hydrophilic part and the hydrophobic part of the nanocarrier. When the nanocarrier encounters ROS, it breaks and releases drugs: the ROS responsive group can also act as the part connecting drug molecules and nanocarriers to release drugs under oxidation. Common ROS responsive groups generally contain sulfur, boron and tellurium. In addition, in order to inactivate the protein, ROS responsive groups can also be used to block the active center of the protein. Common ROS responsive genes include: polypropylene sulfide, borate, thione, tellurium, selenium, ferrocene, anthocyanins, etc.

DOPE-PEG is a versatile phospholipid derivative with unique properties that make it suitable for various applications. Its hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature enables efficient encapsulation and delivery of drugs and nucleic acids, making it a valuable tool in drug delivery systems and gene therapy. Additionally, DOPE-PEG can enhance the stability and circulation time of liposomes, improving their efficacy as drug carriers.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a globulin in bovine serum, contains 607 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 66.446KDa and an isoelectric point of 4.7. Bovine serum albumin has been widely used in biochemical experiments. The total length of BSA precursor protein is 607 amino acids. The precursor protein removes 18 signaling peptides and 6 propeptides from the N terminal to form a mature BSA protein with 583 amino acids and a molecular weight of about 66.5kDa. The surface of BSA contains a large number of carboxyl and amino groups, which can be used to bind the activated groups on the surface, and can be used as a carrier of small molecules. BSA is coupled with antibodies to form carrier-haptens conjugate.

Heparin, named after its discovery in the liver, is a mucopolysaccharide sulfate composed of glucosamine, L-idosaccharide, n-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid, with an average molecular weight of 15KDa and a strong acid. It is also found in tissues such as lungs and intestinal mucosa, and is a natural anticoagulant in animals. Naturally occurring in mast cells, it is now mainly extracted from the mucous membrane of the bovine lung or the small intestine of pigs. As an anticoagulant, it is a polymer formed by alternating connection of two polysaccharides, which has kang ningxue effect both in vivo and in vitro. Mainly used for extracorporeal circulation, hemodialysis and so on. With the development of pharmacology and clinical medicine, the application of heparin continues to expand.

Serum protein is the most abundant protein in plasma. Each protein molecule can carry seven fatty acid molecules. These fatty acid molecules bind to gaps in the protein, where their carbon-rich tails are buried safely away from surrounding water molecules. Serum proteins can also carry many other molecules that are insoluble in water. Serum proteins, in particular, can carry many drug molecules, such as ibuprofen. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a highly water-soluble globular monomer plasma protein with a relative molecular weight of 67KDa, composed of 585 amino acid residues, one sulfhydryl group and 17 disulfide bonds. In nanoparticle carriers, HSA nanoparticles are characterized by their ability to bind to various drug molecules, stability during storage and in vivo use, non-toxicity and antigenicity, biodegradability, repeatability, amplification of the production process and better control of release characteristics

The transferrin receptor (TfR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein whose function is to mediate iron absorption through its interaction with transferrin. In normal cells, the expression level of the receptor is low, and the expression of the transferrin receptor in cells (chronic lymphocytic non-Hodgkin tumors) is significantly increased due to the increased demand for iron in rapidly growing cells [2-4]. At present, two transferrin receptors, TfR1 and TfR2, have been found, both of which are type II transmembrane glycoproteins that bind to transferrin and mediate iron absorption. TfR1 is expressed in many cells (such as red blood cells, hepatocytes, monocytes), and can change its conformation according to the change of environmental pH, and convert the results of conformational change into a change in the binding strength of transferrin. TfR2 is mainly expressed in the liver, and its main function may be to regulate and maintain the homeostasis of iron ions in the body, while its role in transporting iron ions to rapidly dividing tissues is weak. Using the effective targeting function of transferrin receptor, the cross-linking of transferrin and drugs can improve the specific binding ability of drugs, but also improve the effect.