ICeD-2 is a inducer of cell death, can induce HIV-1 infected cell kill. ICeD-2-mediated HIV-1 infected cell kill is dependent on HIV-1 protease activity. ICeD-2 potently blocks hydrolysis of Gly-Pro-AMC by dipeptidyl peptidase DPP8 and DPP9. ICeD-2 shows strong stabilization of DPP9 in PBMCs.

Sitagliptin fenilalanil is a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor.

AX8819 is a potent, specific DPP-2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.88 nM, highly selective for DPP II over all of the other DPP enzymes.

ICeD-1 is a potent DPP9 inhibitor capable of killing HIV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, activates the caspase recruitment domain family member 8 (CARD8) inflammasome.