Eprotirome, also known as KB-2115, is a liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor agonist that has been shown to lower plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations in previous phase 1 and 2 studies of patients with dyslipidaemia. KB2115 lowers plasma LDL cholesterol and stimulates bile acid synthesis without cardiac effects in humans.

Velneperit, also known as S-2367, is potent and selective neuropeptide Y Y5-receptor antagonist under evaluating for treatment of obesity.

Cariprazine, also known as RGH-188 and MP-214, is an antipsychotic drug received FDA approval on September 17, 2015. Cariprazine acts as a D2 and D3 receptor partial agonist, with high selectivity towards the D3 receptor. Action on the dopaminergic systems makes it also potentially useful as an add-on therapy in major depressive disorder. Cariprazine is approved for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It has also been investigated as a potential adjunct in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

Nesbuvir, also known as HCV-796 and VB-19796, is a potent and selective NS5B polymerase inhibitor with potent anti-hepatitis C virus activity in vitro, in mice with chimeric human livers, and in humans infected with hepatitis C virus. Enzyme assays yielded median inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 0.01 to 0.14 microM for genotype 1, with half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)s) of 5 nM and 9 nM against genotype 1a and 1b replicons. HCV796 demonstrated potent anti-HCV activity consistently through enzyme inhibition assays, subgenomic replicon, and chimeric mouse studies.

Remogliflozin etabonate, also known as GSK 189075A or GSK 189075, is a SGLT2 inhibitor under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Remogliflozin etabonate is a pro-drug of remogliflozin. Remogliflozin inhibits the sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT), which are responsible for glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Blocking this transporter causes blood glucose to be eliminated through the urine. Remogliflozin is selective for SGLT2.

GABOB, also known as γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid, β-hydroxy-GABA, is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico. It is also an endogenous active metabolite and analogue of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and for this reason, may function as a neurotransmitter itself.

Amifampridine is used as a drug, predominantly in the treatment of a number of rare muscle diseases. The phosphate salt of amifampridine is a more stable formulation that does not require refrigeration. In the United States, amifampridine is under investigation for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Amifampridine is also used to treat many of the congenital myasthenic syndromes, particularly those with defects in choline acetyltransferase, downstream kinase 7, and those where any kind of defect causes "fast channel" behaviour of the acetylcholine receptor.

Carisbamate, also known as JNJ-10234094, RWJ 333369 and YKP-509, is an antiepileptic candidate. Carisbamate has powerful disease-modifying effects in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Carisbamate inhibits glutamate transmission in the granule cell of the dentate gyrus. Carisbamate acutely suppresses spasms in a rat model of symptomatic infantile spasms.

Lubiprostone, also known as RU-0211, is a medication used in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation, predominantly irritable bowel syndrome-associated constipation in women and opioid-induced constipation. It was initially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006. Lubiprostone is a bicyclic fatty acid derived from prostaglandin E1 that acts by specifically activating ClC-2 chloride channels on the apical aspect of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, producing a chloride-rich fluid secretion. These secretions soften the stool, increase motility, and promote spontaneous bowel movements (SBM).

Cetilistat, also known as ATL-962, is a drug designed to treat obesity. It acts in the same way as the older drug orlistat (Xenical) by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the intestine. Without this enzyme, triglycerides from the diet are prevented from being hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids and are excreted undigested.

Levobupivacaine is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by Abbott under the trade name Chirocaine. Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 percent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine and has a longer motor block onset time.

Sugammadex is an agent for reversal of neuromuscular blockade by the agent rocuronium in general anaesthesia. It is the first selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA). Sugammadex is a modified γ-cyclodextrin, with a lipophilic core and a hydrophilic periphery. This gamma cyclodextrin has been modified from its natural state by placing eight carboxyl thio ether groups at the sixth carbon positions. These extensions extend the cavity size allowing greater encapsulation of the rocuronium molecule. These negatively charged extensions electrostatically bind to the quaternary nitrogen of the target as well as contribute to the aqueous nature of the cyclodextrin.

Sugammadex sodium is an agent for reversal of neuromuscular blockade by the agent rocuronium in general anaesthesia. It is the first selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA). Sugammadex is a modified γ-cyclodextrin, with a lipophilic core and a hydrophilic periphery. This gamma cyclodextrin has been modified from its natural state by placing eight carboxyl thio ether groups at the sixth carbon positions. These extensions extend the cavity size allowing greater encapsulation of the rocuronium molecule.

Hydrocinchonine is an Alkaloid from Olea europaea. Hydrocinchonine is found in fruits.

Deslorelin is a gonadotropin releasing hormone super-agonist (GnRH agonist) also known as an LHRH agonist. It stops the production of sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen). It is currently approved for use in veterinary medicine and is used to induce ovulation in mares as part of the artificial insemination process. It is also used to stabilize high-risk pregnancies, mainly of livestock. Unlike other GnRH agonists, which are mainly used to inhibit luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone by their ultimate downregulation of the pituitary gland.

Deutetrabenazine, also known as SD-809 and Tetrabenazine-d6, is an investigational, oral, small-molecule inhibitor of vesicular monoamine 2 transporter, or VMAT2, that is designed to regulate the levels of a specific neurotransmitter, dopamine, in the brain. Deutetrabenazine is a deuterated tetrabenazine. SD-809 is being developed for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, a neurodegenerative movement disorder that impacts cognition, behavior, and movements. Teva is investigating the broad potential of SD-809 for treating additional movements disorders such as tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome.

Tenidap, also known as CP-66248, is a COX/5-LOX inhibitor and cytokine-modulating anti-inflammatory drug candidate that was under development by Pfizer as a promising potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but Pfizer halted development after marketing approval was rejected by the FDA in 1996 due to liver and kidney toxicity, which was attributed to metabolites of the drug with a thiophene moiety that caused oxidative damage.

Alarelin is a potent LH-RH agonist in rats and mice. Alarelin reversibly delays sexual maturation in rats, stimulates spawning activity in fish. GnRH ( gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Glp-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2), which is also referred as LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) or gonadorelin, is crucial for mammalian reproduction and is released from hypothalamic neurons. It is responsible for the secretion of gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), from the pituitary glands.

Argpressin is the predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. Argpressin is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked CYSTEINES at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus or to improve vasomotor tone and blood pressure.

Felypressin is a Vasopressin 1 agonist, and will thus have effects at all Arginine vasopressin receptor 1As. Felypressin has equipotent pressure responses when compared with epinephrine, showing a greater extent of action. Felypressin is safe for hypertensive subjects, in particular those receiving atenolol.

Insulinotropin, also known as GLP-1 (7-37) and Tglp-1, is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion at concentrations as low as 5 X 10(-11) M (3- to 10-fold increases over basal). GLP-I(1-37) had no effect on insulin secretion even at concentrations as high as 5 X 10(-7) M. The earlier demonstration of specific liberation of GLP-I(7-37) in the intestine and pancreas, and the magnitude of the insulinotropic effect at such low concentrations, suggest that GLP-I(7-37) participates in the physiological regulation of insulin secretion.

Gonadorelin is a decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stim. Gonadorelin has been shown to have gonadotropin-releasing effects upon the anterior pituitary.

Lysipressin Acetate is an analog of Vasopressin, a powerful vasopressor used to modulate blood pressure. An endogenous antidiuretic hormone in most mammalian species. It is released into the blood from nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary and median eminence. It is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and also implicated in a variety of physiological processes such as regulating water balance by antidiuretic action.

Ornipressin is a vasoconstrictor, haemostatic and renal agent. Ornipressin (Por 8) is also an efficient alternative to counteract hypotension during combined general/epidural anesthesia. Ornipressin plus dopamine can be a useful therapeutic option in patients with HRS type 1, especially as bridge to liver transplantation.

Sermorelin, also known as GHRH (1-29), is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue used as a diagnostic agent. It is a 29-amino acid polypeptide representing the 1–29 fragment from endogenous human GHRH, and is thought to be the shortest fully functional fragment of GHRH.[1] It is used as a diagnostic agent to assess growth hormone (GH) secretion. It is also used as doping agent in sports due to its correlation with increased growth of muscular and skeletal tissue.[citation needed] Sermorelin use is also hypothesized to improve deep rapid eye movement sleep.

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH), is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other of 28 amino acids which is the short form with another 14 amino acids at one end.

Splenopentin, also known as SP-5, is a synthetic immunomodulating peptide corresponding to the region 32-34 of a splenic product called splenin (SP) and the thymic hormone thymopoietin (TP), respectively. Splenopentin can reproduce the biological activities of TP and SP, respectively.

Atosiban, also known as ORF 22164, RWJ 22164, is an inhibitor of the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. It is used as an intravenous medication as a labour repressant (tocolytic) to halt premature labor. Although initial studies suggested it could be used as a nasal spray and hence would not require hospital admission, it is not used in that form. It was developed by Ferring Pharmaceuticals in Sweden and first reported in the literature in 1985. Originally marketed by Ferring Pharmaceuticals, it is licensed in proprietary and generic forms for the delay of imminent pre-term birth in pregnant adult women.

Bimatoprost isopropyl ester is an F-series prostaglandin analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug, sold under the Allergan trade name Bimatoprost.

(+)-Cloprostenol is a PGF2α agonist and a synthetic analog of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). (+)-Cloprostenol reliably induces luteolysis in luteal phase mares without evoking clinical side effects or a stress response. Note: pure (+)-Cloprostenol isopropyl ester is an oily material. For the convenience of use, this product is supplied as ethanol solution at concentration of 200mg / mL.

Limaprost, also known as ONO 1206 and OP1206, is an analog of PGE1 with structural modifications intended to give it a prolonged half-life and greater potency. Limaprost is orally active. Limaprost reduces motor disturbances by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor I in rats subjected to spinal cord injury.

(+)-Cloprostenol sodium is a water soluble, synthetic analog of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). It is an FP receptor agonist and a potent luteolytic agent in rats and hamsters.

Neridronic acid, also known neridronate, is a bisphosphonate. In Italy it is used to treat Osteogenesis imperfecta and Paget's disease of bone. Neridronic acid treatment has been reported to be effective also in other skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, algodystrophy, hypercalcemia of malignancy and bone metastasis. Neridronic acid has been developed only for parenteral use, and it is the only one used as intramuscular injection.

Mozavaptan, also known as OPC 31260, is a vasopressin receptor antagonist marketed by Otsuka. In Japan, it was approved in October 2006 for hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) due to ADH producing tumors.

Fenspiride is an oxazolidinone spiro compound used as a drug in the treatment of certain respiratory diseases. The pharmacotherapeutic classification is antitussives. In Russia it is approved for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of ENT organs (ear, nose, throat) and the respiratory tract (like rhinopharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, otitis and sinusitis), as well as for maintenance treatment of asthma.

Tenatoprazole, also known as TU-199, is a proton pump inhibitor drug candidate that was undergoing clinical testing as a potential treatment for reflux oesophagitis and peptic ulcer. Tenatoprazole has an imidazopyridine ring in place of the benzimidazole moiety found in other proton pump inhibitors, and has a half-life about seven times longer than other PPIs.

Zardaverine is a Phosphodiesterase 3/4 inhibitor. Zardaverine exhibits potent and selective antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo independently of phosphodiesterase inhibition. Zardaverine may be also useful for both, bronchorelaxation and reduction of inflammation in asthma therapy.

Naldemedine, also known as S 297995, is a peripherally-selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist under development by Shionogi for the treatment of opioid-induced adverse effects including constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Clinical studies have thus far found it to possess statistically significant effectiveness for these indications and to be generally well-tolerated with predominantly mild to moderate gastrointestinal side effects. No effects indicative of central opioid withdrawal or impact on the analgesic or mydriatic effects of co-administered opioids have been observed.

Cromakalim, also known as BRL 34915, is a potassium channel-opening vasodilator. The active isomer is levcromakalim. It acts on ATP-sensitive potassium channels and so causes membrane hyperpolarization. It can be used to treat hypertension as it will relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure. Hyperpolarisation of smooth muscle cell membranes pulls their membrane potential away from the threshold, so making it more difficult to excite them and thereby cause contraction.

Daminozide is a plant growth regulator, a chemical sprayed on fruit to regulate their growth, make their harvest easier, and keep apples from falling off the trees before they are ripe. This makes sure they are red and firm for storage. Alar was first approved for use in the U.S. in 1963, it was primarily used on apples until 1989 when it was voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed banning it based on concerns about cancer risks to consumers.

Ebrotidine, also known as FI-3542, is an H2 receptor antagonist with gastroprotective activity against ethanol-, aspirin- or stress-induced gastric mucosal damage. The antisecretory properties of ebrotidine are similar to those of ranitidine, and approximately 10-fold greater than those of cimetidine. Ebrotidine has anti-Helicobacter pylori activity via inhibition of the urease enzyme and the proteolytic and mucolytic activities of the bacterium. However, its activity is synergistic with a number of antibacterial agents. Ebrotidine counteracts the inhibitory effects of H. pylori lipopolysaccharides. Ebrotidine has been shown to be as effective as ranitidine for the treatment of gastric or duodenal ulcers or erosive reflux oesophagitis, with significantly better ulcer healing rates (albeit inexplicably) in those who smoke.

Ivermectin is a medication that is effective against many types of parasites. It is used to treat head lice, scabies, river blindness, strongyloidiasis, and lymphatic filariasis, among others. Ivermectin and other avermectins (insecticides most frequently used in home-use ant baits) are macrocyclic lactones derived from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin kills by interfering with nervous system and muscle function, in particular by enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission. Ivermectin is a mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (CAS# 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (CAS# 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis.

Tilbroquinol is a quinoline-based antibiotics.

Pafuramidine, also known as DB289, is an orally bioavailable prodrug of furamidine (DB75) which was developed for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Pafuramidine is less toxic than previous diamidines such as pentamidine. To date, human trials suggest that pafuramidine is well tolerated overall and has clinical activity against Pneumocystis pneumonia. DB289 is a promising new antimalarial compound that could become an important component of new antimalarial combinations.

Pamabrom is a diuretic product included in retail drugs available in over-the-counter medications. The active diuretic ingredient in pamabrom is 8-bromotheophylline. Pamabrom is used in combination with acetaminophen (paracetamol) for various conditions such as back pain and menstrual relief. The acetaminophen helps reduce menstrual pains and the pamabrom reduces associated bloating.

Phthalocyanine Chloroaluminum, also known as Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride, is an intensely blue-green-coloured aromatic macrocyclic compound that is widely used in dyeing. Phthalocyanine Chloroaluminum is a powerful photosensitizer and is useful in PDT. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines light, molecular oxygen and a photosensitizer to induce oxidative stress in target cells.

Eticlopride, also known as FLB 131, is a substituted benzamide analog with high affinity and selectivity for dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors that was initially developed as a potential antipsychotic agent. It is primarily used in pharmacological research. Eticlopride accelerates extinction and delays reacquisition of food self-administration in rats. Eticlopride induce microcatalepsy during operant performance in rats.

Raclopride, also known as FLA 870, a selective antagonist on D2 dopamine receptor. Its selectivity to the cerebral D2 receptors is characterized by its respective Ki-values, which are as follows: 1.8, 3.5, 2400 and 18000 nM for D2, D3, D4 and D1 receptors respectively. It can be radiolabelled with radioisotopes, e.g. 3H or 11C and used as a tracer for in vitro imaging (autoradiography) as well as in vivo imaging positron emission tomography (PET). Images obtained by cerebral PET scanning (e.g. PET/CT or PET/MRI) allow the non-invasive assessment of the binding capacity of the cerebral D2 dopamine receptor, which can be useful for the diagnosis of movement disorders.

Sulfamerazine is a long-acting sulfanilamide antibacterial agent. Sulfamerazine inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for the binding site on dihydropteroate synthase.

Ozenoxacin, also known as GF-001001-00; M-5120; T-3912; GF-00100100, is an experimental quinolone antibiotic being developed for the treatment of impetigo and other dermatological bacterial infections. Ozenoxacin is active against some bacteria that have developed resistance to currently used quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Morinidazole was approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) on February 24, 2014. Morinidazole is a nitroimidazoles antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections including appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Morinidazole is a nitroimidazoles antibiotic indicated for the treatment of bacterial infections including appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Aceneuramic acid, also known as NPC-09; Ace-ER; UX-001; Neu-5Ac; SA-ER; AceER. is an immunomodulator potentially for treatment of hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM). Aceneuramic acid is an N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.

Aildenafil, also known as Methisosildenafil, is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor and a structural analog of sildenafil (Viagra). It was first reported in 2003, and it is not approved by any health regulation agency. Like sildenafil, aildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. Aildenafil has been found as an adulterant in a variety of supplements which are sold as "natural" or "herbal" sexual enhancement products. The United States Food and Drug Administration has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant.

Rapacuronium Bromide, also known as Org 9487, is a rapidly acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker formerly used in modern anaesthesia, to aid and enable endotracheal intubation, which is often necessary to assist in the controlled ventilation of unconscious patients during surgery and sometimes in intensive care. As a non-depolarizing agent it did not cause initial stimulation of muscles before weakening them. Due to risk of fatal bronchospasm it was withdrawn from the United States market by Organon on March 27, 2001, less than 2 years after its FDA approval in 1999.

Oxyphenbutazone, also known as G-29701, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a metabolite of phenylbutazone.

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, also known as MPA, is a steroidal progestin, a synthetic variant of the steroid hormone progesterone. It is used as a contraceptive, in hormone replacement therapy and for the treatment of endometriosis as well as several other indications. MPA is a more potent derivative of its parent compound medroxyprogesterone (MP). While medroxyprogesterone is sometimes used as a synonym for medroxyprogesterone acetate, what is almost always being referred to is MPA and not MP It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.

Alpidem is an anxiolytic drug from the imidazopyridine family, related to the more well known sleeping medication zolpidem. Unlike zolpidem however, alpidem does not produce sedative effects at normal doses, and is instead used specifically for the treatment of anxiety. It was approved for marketing in France in 1991 and was withdrawn fin 1994 and is not approved for marketing anywhere in the world. Alpidem has nanomolar binding affinity for both the central benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) (translocator protein 18 kDa) (PBR (Ki ) 0.5-7 nM) and CBR (Ki ) 1-28 nM, respectively).

Butibufen, also known as FF-106, is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor used to treat inflammatory and rheumatic disorders. utibufen was within the potency range of ibuprofen as an antipyretic and analgesic agent and greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. The compound possesses the advantage of a low order to toxicity. Its ulcerogenicity was much lower than that of phenylbutazone. Therefore, butibufen appears to offer potential safety and efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Butibufen was now withdraw from the market.

Suxibuzone is a analgesic used for joint and muscular pain. It is a prodrug of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone, and is commonly used in horses.

Veralipride is a benzamide neuroleptic medicine indicated in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with the menopause. It was first authorised for use in 1979. Veralipride was withdraw from the market in 2007.

Taribavirin, also known as Viramidine, is an antiviral drug candidate. It is a prodrug of ribavirin, active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. Taribavirin has better liver-targeting than ribavirin, and has a shorter life in the body due to less penetration and storage in red blood cells. It is expected eventually to be the drug of choice for viral hepatitis syndromes in which ribavirin is active. These include hepatitis C and perhaps also hepatitis B and yellow fever.

Sunepitron, also known as CP-93,393 or CP-93,393-1 (HCl), is a combined 5-HT1A receptor agonist and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It was previously under development by Pfizer for the treatment of depression and anxiety. It made it to phase III clinical trials before being discontinued.

Darodipine, also known as PY-108068, is a potent a calcium antagonist. Darodipine dose-depentently blocks I(Ca,L) in rat isolated cardiomyocytes. Darodipine exerts protective effects against free-radical-induced electrophysiological alterations independently of its calcium antagonistic properties; this effect is possibly due to trapping of specific radical species. .

Selfotel, also known as CGS-19755 and CPDD 0027, is a competitive NMDA antagonist. Selfotel directly competes with glutamate for binding to the receptor. Initial studies showed it to have anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, analgesic and neuroprotective effects, and it was originally researched for the treatment of stroke, but subsequent animal and human studies showed phencyclidine-like effects, as well as limited efficacy and evidence for possible neurotoxicity under some conditions, and so clinical development was ultimately discontinued.

Remacemide, also known as PR-934423 and FPL 12924AA, is a low-affinity NMDA antagonist with sodium channel blocking properties. It has been studied for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Remacemide binds weakly and noncompetitively to the ionic channel site of the NMDA receptor complex. Remacemide binds both allosterically and in the channel. However, because remacemide binds so weakly to NMDAR, much of remacemide's in vivo effect against excitotoxicity is thought to be caused by its metabolic transformation to the more potent desglycine derivative FPL 12495.

Foropafant, also known as SR-27417; SR-27417A, is a potent platelet activating factor (PAF) inhibitor potentially for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). SR 27417 inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the hypotensive effect of PAF in rats. It protected rats with an ED50 value of 6 +/- 2 micrograms/kg (n = 6), when given i.v., 1 min before PAF administration. PAF plays a major role in anaphylactic shock. SR 27417 may be an effective prophylactic as well as a potent curative drug in this pathology.

Bretazenil, also known as Ro 16-6028, is GABA A receptor agonist potentially for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Bretazenil differs from traditional 1,4-benzodiazepines by being a partial agonist and because it binds to α1, α2, α3, α4, α5 and α6 subunit containing GABAA receptor benzodiazepine receptor complexes. 1,4-benzodiazepines bind only to α1, α2, α3 and α5 GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complexes.

Pyridoxamine, also known as K-163, is one form of vitamin B6. Chemically it is based on a pyridine ring structure, with hydroxyl, methyl, aminomethyl, and hydroxymethyl substituents. It differs from pyridoxine by the substituent at the 4-position. The phenol at position 3 and aminomethyl group at position 4 of its ring endow pyridoxamine with a variety of chemical properties, including the scavenging of free radical species and carbonyl species formed in sugar and lipid degradation and chelation of metal ions that catalyze Amadori reactions.

Ranirestat, also known as AS-3201; SX-3201, is an aldose reductase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma and PharmaKyorin. It has been granted orphan drug status. The drug is to be used orally. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes one of the steps in sorbitol (polyol) pathway which is responsible for formation of fructose from glucose. Aldose reductase activity is increased, parallel to glucose blood levels, in tissues that are not insulin sensitive, including lenses, peripheral nerves and renal glomeruli. Sorbitol does not diffuse through cell membranes easily and therefore accumulates in these tissues, causing osmotic damage, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy.

Mofegiline, also known as MDL-72974, or MDL-72974A (HCl salt), is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) which was under investigation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, but was never marketed.

Midafotel, also known as SDZ-EAA 494 and D-CPP-ene, is a potent, competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor. It was originally designed as a potential therapy for excitotoxicity, epilepsy or neuropathic pain. It looked very promising in in vitro trials proving to be a potent competitive antagonist at the NMDA without affecting other receptors.

Ganaxolone, also known as CCD 1042 and C1042, is a CNS-selective GABAA modulator that acts on well-characterized targets in the brain known to have anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. Ganaxolone protects against seizures in diverse animal models, including the pentylenetetrazol, 6 Hz and amygdala kindling models. Ganaxolone is a positive allosteric modulator of the action of the GABAA receptor and, unlike benzodiazepines, there does not appear to be tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of ganaxolone.

Pimagedine, also known as aminoguanidine, MDL-201228; YM-585; GER-11, is an AGE Inhibitor potentially for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Pimagedine is also a diamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. It acts to reduce levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through interacting with 3-deoxyglucosone.

Licarbazepine, also known as BIA-2-005; GP-47779; LIC-477; LIC-477D; TRI-477, is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects that is related to oxcarbazepine. It is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine. In addition, an isomer of licarbazepine, eslicarbazepine ((S)-(+)-licarbazepine), is an active metabolite of eslicarbazepine acetate. Oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine acetate are inactive on their own, and behave instead as prodrugs to licarbazepine and eslicarbazepine, respectively, to produce their therapeutic effects.

Acetylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine is potentially for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, the second most abundant carbohydrate after cellulose. In addition to serving as a component of this homogeneous polysaccharide, GlcNAc is also a basic component of hyaluronic acid and keratin sulfate on the cell surface. GlcNAc has been reported to be an inhibitor of elastase release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (range 8–17% inhibition), however this is much weaker than the inhibition seen with N-acetylgalactosamine (range 92–100%).

Pimavanserin, also known as ACP-103, is a non-dopaminergic atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis and schizophrenia. Pimavanserin has a unique mechanism of action relative to other antipsychotics, behaving as a selective inverse agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, with 40-fold selectivity for this site over the 5-HT2C receptor and no significant affinity or activity at the 5-HT2B receptor or dopamine receptors. It was approved by the FDA to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with psychosis experienced by some people with Parkinson's disease on April 29, 2016.

Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, also known as Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; THPB; HP-beta-CD; HPbCD; HP-beta-CyD; VTS-270; HPbetaCD; HPbetaCyD, is a drug candidate potentially for the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C diseases. In April 2009, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbCD) was first approved.

Sorbinil, also known as CP-45634, is an aldose reductase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme present in lens and brain that gets rid of excess glucose by converting it to sorbitol. Sorbitol accumulation can lead to the development of cataracts in the lens and neuropathy in peripheral nerves. Sorbinil has been shown to inhibit aldose reductase in human brain and placenta and calf and rat lens. Sorbinil reduced sorbitol accummulation in rat lens and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats orally administered 0.25mg/kg sorbinil.

Pregnanolone, also known as 3a5b-Pregnanolone; Kabi-2213, SKF 6455, Eltanolone, is a cell membrane modulator potentially for the treatment of pain. Pregnanolone is an endogenous neurosteroid that is biosynthesized from progesterone. It is a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, as well as a negative allosteric modulator of the glycine receptor, and is known to have sedative, anxiolytic, anesthetic, and anticonvulsant effects. It was investigated for clinical use as a general anesthetic, but produced unwanted side effects such as convulsions on occasion, and for that reason was never marketed.

Tesaglitazar, also known as AR-H-039242XX; AZ-242; ARH-039242XX, is a PPAR agonist potentially for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The drug had completed several phase III clinical trials, however in May, 2006 AstraZeneca announced that it had discontinued further development.

Bicifadine HCl, also known as DOV-220075, CL 220,075, is a SNDR inhibitor potentially for the treatment of lower back pain. Bicifadine has a non-opioid, non-NSAID mechanism for the treatment of pain, which should have less abuse potential than opioid drugs and less propensity to cause gastric ulcers than NSAID drugs. While the drug is purported to be a serotonin (SERT) and noradrenaline transporter (NET) inhibitor, it also has effects at the dopamine transporter (DAT), effectively making it a broad-spectrum monoamine transporter inhibitor or "triple reuptake inhibitor."

Bufuralol, also known as Ro-34787, is a β-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity and is potentially useful for the treatment of hypertension. It is metabolized by CYP2D6. Most beta blockers are aryloxypropanolamine-based. In this rare exception, the benzofuran oxygen is part of a ring instead of derived from the epichlorohydrin precursor.

Arasertaconazole is a sterol-14-alpha demethylation inhibitor potentially for treatment of vulvovaginal candcanidiasis.

Methylthioninium Chloride, also known as TRx-014 and Methylene blue, has many uses in biology and chemistry; for example, it can be used as a stain and as a medication. Methylene blue should not be confused with methyl blue, another histology stain, new methylene blue, nor with the methyl violets often used as pH indicators. Methylthioninium Chloride is also tau protein inhibitor potentially for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease.

Nitecapone, also known as OR-462, is a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of peptic ulcer. Nitecapone reduces development and symptoms of neuropathic pain after spinal nerve ligation in rats. Nitecapone reduces cardiac neutrophil accumulation in clinical open heart surgery. Nitecapone inhibits myeloperoxidase in vitro and enhances functional performance after 8 h of ischemia in experimental heart transplantation.

Aminothiadiazole, also known as NSC-4728; A-TDA; ADTA, is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of solid tumours. Aminothiadiazole is a synthetic derivative of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Aminothiadiazole competitively inhibits inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, thereby disrupting the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of cells. This agent is also a selective human adenosine A3 receptor antagonist.

Fialuridine, also known as FIAU, DRG-0098, is a DNA-directed DNA polymerase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of HBV infection. Fialuridine induces acute liver failure in chimeric TK-NOG mice: a model for detecting hepatic drug toxicity prior to human testing. Fialuridine is phosphorylated and inhibits DNA synthesis in isolated rat hepatic mitochondria. Fialuridine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase gamma at sites of multiple adjacent analog incorporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochondrial structural defects in cultured hepatoblasts.

Adaptavir, also known as RAP-101, DAPTA, and mDAPTA, is a CCR5 receptor antagonist potentially for the treatment of HIV infection and HBV infection.

Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a white solid although because of its sensitivity toward oxygen, samples are typically brownish. Pyrogallol can be used in hair dying, dying of suturing materials and for oxygen absorption in gas analysis. It also has antiseptic properties. Pyrogallol was also used as a developing agent in black-and-white developers, but its use is largely historical except for special purpose applications. (Hydroquinone is more commonly used today.)

Pregnenolone is a natural steroid hormone that serves as a precursor for a wide range of steroids, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.

Linamarin, also known as Phaseolunatin, is a glucoside of acetone cyanohydrin found in the leaves and roots of cassava, lima beans, and flax. Upon exposure to enzymes and gut flora in the human intestine, linamarin and its methylated relative lotaustralin can decompose to the toxic chemical hydrogen cyanide; hence food uses of plants that contain significant quantities of linamarin require extensive preparation and detoxification.

Terizidone is a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Terizidone is used mainly used in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in conjunction with other second-line drugs. It is a derivate of cycloserine and it is bacteriostatic.

Dextrophan tartrate is a glutamate receptor antagonist potentially for the treatment of stroke. Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. It is the dextrorotatory-stereoisomer of racemorphan, the levo-half being levorphanol. Dextrorphan is produced by O-demethylation of dextromethorphan by CYP2D6. Dextrorphan is an NMDA antagonist and contributes to the psychoactive effects of dextromethorphan.

Edaglitazone, also known as R-483; RO-2052349-602; BM-13.1258; RO-2052349-000; Ro-205-2349, is a PPARγ agonist potentially for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Edarglitazone, restores acute inflammatory responses to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the diabetic ob/ob mouse.

Albaconazole, also known as UR-9825; W-0027, is a 14alpha-Demethylase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of fungal infection.

Isovaleramide, also known as NPS-1776, is a drug potentially for the treatment of migraine.

Ipamorelin, also known as NNC-26-0161, is a a ghrelin mimetic. Ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. Ipamorelin may ameliorate the symptoms in patients with POI. Ipamorelin accelerates gastric emptying in a rodent model of postoperative ileus through the stimulation of gastric contractility by activating a ghrelin receptor-mediated mechanism involving cholinergic excitatory neurons.

Clovoxamine, also known as DU 23811, is a nontricyclic antidepressant and has a dual action in blocking the reuptake of both noradrenaline and serotonin. Clovoxamine has little affinity for muscarinic, histaminergic, serotonergic and adrenergic binding sites. Clovoxamine induces a decrease in the functional beta-adrenergic receptor coupled c-AMP response.

Tyropanoate sodium, also known as sodium tyropanoate, is a radiocontrast agent used in cholecystography (X-ray diagnosis of gallstones). The molecule contains three heavy iodine atoms which obstruct X-rays to produce a visible image. After injection, it is rapidly excreted into the bile.

Tosufloxacin, also known as T-3262, is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat susceptible infections. It has a controversial safety profile in relation to other fluoroquinolones. It is associated with severe thrombocytopenia and nephritis, and hepatotoxicity. It is sold in Japan under the brand name Ozex.

Tolfenamic acid, also known as Clotam, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Tolfenamic acid interferes with synthesis of β-amyloid precursor protein, and thus Aβ peptides, by promoting degradation of an essential transcription factor. Tolfenamic acid has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer activities in several types of cancer.

Tiaramide hydrochloride, also known as Tiaramide and FK-1160, is an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the action of mediators released from mast cells and has direct smooth muscle relaxant properties. It may therefore have a beneficial effect in asthma.

Sultiame, also known as Riker 594 and Ospolot, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to treat epilepsy.

Sulconazole Nitrate, also known as Sulconazole and RS-44872, is an imidazole antifungal agent used to treat fungal skin infections.

Repirinast, also known as MY-5116, is a mediator release inhibitor used to treat asthma.

Pyritinol, also known as pyrithioxine, is a neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.

Pheneturide, also known as S-46 and Benuride, is an anticonvulsant, of the ureide class, used to treat epilepsy.

Phenelzine Sulfate, also known as Nardil and W-1544, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used to treat depression, phobic disorders, and panic.

Perospirone HCl Dihydrate, also known as SM-9018 and Lullan, is an atypical antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. Its primary mode of action is through antagonism of serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors.

Penfluridol, also known as R-16341 and Semap, is long-acting anti-psychotic agent used for maintenance or long-term therapy of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Penfluridol distributes extensively in fatty tissues following oral administration. This depot effect produces a very slow release of drug from the tissues, and results in a very long duration of activity. 3. Penfluridol is extensively metabolized by oxidative N-dealkylation to afford, as isolated metabolites, the beta-glucuronide conjugate of the diphenylbutyric acid derivative A1 and the unconjugated basic piperidine moiety B1.

Pancuronium Bromide, also known as Pavulon and NA-97, is a bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent, Pancuronium bromide is more potent than curare but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Ozagrel Sodium, also known as KCT-0809 and Cataclot, is a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor used to treat cerebrovascular diseases.

Oxitropium Bromide, also known as BA-253 and Oxivent, is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary.

Orphenadrine Hydrochloride, also known as BS5930 and Disipal, is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.

Naftazone, also known as Etioven, is a vasoprotectant drug used for hemostasis. Naftazone is shown to accelerate human saphenous vein endothelial cell proliferation in vitro at concentrations which did not alter the hemostatic balance.

Morniflumate, also known as UP-164 and Morniflu, is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat inflammation.

Monoctanoin, also known as Glyceryl 1-caprylate and Moctanin, is a monoglyceride used to dissolve gallstones that are caused by cholesterol.

Mesalamine, also known as Asacol and 5-ASA, is an IkB kinase inhibitor structurally related to the salicylates, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. Mesalamine is used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Menatetrenone (also known as Vitamin K-2[20], Vitamin MK-4, and E-3100) is a vitamin K compound used as a hemostatic agent, and also as adjunctive therapy for the pain of osteoporosis.

Isoflurane, also known as Forane and Terrell, is a stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, that has been reported to induce caspase-3 activation.

Ipriflavone, also known as Yambolap and FL-113, is an osteoclast inhibitor and is effective for enhancing osteoblastic bone formation.

Iopanoic Acid, also known as Telepaque, is an iodine containing oral cholecystographic agent that has been used to treat hyperthyroidism. Iopanoic acid is also a radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.

Indocyanine Green, also known as Cardio-Green and Fox, is a tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.

Halothane, also known as Fluothane, is a CYP3A4 substrate used for anesthesia.

Anhydrous Fusidic Acid, also known as Fucidin and SQ-16603, is a protein synthesis inhibitor used to treat bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.

Fluorescein Sodium, also known as Fluorescite and VST-1001, is a phthalic indicator dye that is used therapeutically as a diagnostic aid in corneal injuries and corneal trauma.

Flufenamic Acid (also known as CI-440, CN-27554, and INF-1837) is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor used to treat inflammation and pain.

Floctafenine, also known as R-4318 and Idarac, is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.

Feprazone, also known as Prenazone and DA-2370, is a pyrazolone anti-inflammatory agent used for joint and muscular pain.

Fenbufen, also known as Cinopal and CL-82204, is an arylpropionic acid derivative belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Etofylline, also known as BRN-0251760, is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist used to treat respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. Etofylline is often used as a bronchodilator.

Ethenzamide, also known as HP-209, is an anti-inflammatory used and to reduce fever and pain.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester, also known as Epadel and AMR-101, is an omega-3 fatty acid agent used as adjunct therapy for severe hypertriglyceridemia. Eicosapentaenoic acid lowers triglyceride levels without increasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Edrophonium Chloride, also known as Tensilon, is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Edrophonium Chloride has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.

Eberconazole Nitrate, also known as Ebernet, is an azole antifungal agent and broad-spectrum imidazole derivative. Eberconazole Nitrate is effective in dermatophytoses, candidiasis, and pityriasis treatment.

Dipyrone, also known as Anador and NSC-73205, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain (postoperative, colic, cancer, and migraine).

Desipramine Hydrochloride, also known as Norpramin and EX-4355, is a tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine Hydrochloride selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. Desipramine Hydrochloride also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

Clonixin, also known as lysine clonixinate and Deltar, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory used in the treatment of migraines.

Choline Alfoscerate, also known as Alpha GPC and L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, is a component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. Choline Alfoscerate is a precursor in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids and increases the bioavailability of choline in nervous tissue. Choline Alfoscerate is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias.

Chlormidazole Hydrochloride, also known as H-115 and Myco-polycid, is an imidazole antifungal used to treat cutaneous fungal infections.

Carbazochrome, also known as Adona and AC-17, is a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance and activates platelet factors.

Carbasalate Calcium, also known as Alcacyl and Omegin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and fever.

Bunazosin Hydrochloride, also known as Andante and E-643, is an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist used as a systemic antihypertensive and an ocular hypotensive drug.

Bufexamac, also known as Droxaryl and CP-1044-J-3, is a benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. Bufexamac is used to treat various skin disorders.

Broxyquinoline, also known as Dibromoxyquinoline and NSC-1810, is a tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor used to treat vaginitis. Broxyquinoline induces VEGF transcription and shows angiogenic effects, stabilizes HIF-1α, and shows antiprotozoal and antifungal effects in vivo.

Bromperidol, also known as Impromen and R-11333, is used as a means of long-term maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Bromperidol is a close structural analogue of haloperidol. C3435T polymorphism is associated with some therapeutic response to bromperidol in schizophrenic patients, possibly by different drug concentration in the brain.

Bromisoval, also known as bromovalerylurea, is a bromide-containing sedative-hypnotic that is occasionally combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in over-the-counter products. Bromisoval suppresses expression of many kinds of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in LPS- or interferon-γ activated alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. Bromisoval is used to treat anxiety.

Bifemelane, also known as MCI-2016, is a nootropic drug used to treat cerebral infarction and Alzheimer's disease. At concentrations of 10 - 30 microM, Bifemelane induced a slow onset and small increase in the [Ca2+]i, while at higher concentrations (100 - 300 microM), it induced a rapid transient increase in the [Ca2+]i during administration and a second large increase was seen during drug washout.

Benzyl Nicotinate, also known as Rubriment and Pycaril, is a GPR109A receptor agonist and GPR109B receptor agonist used as a rubefacient.

Benzoyl Peroxide, also known as Bepio and CD-1579, is a bactericidal agent, peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy dermatitis. Benzoyl Peroxide is used also as a bleach in the food industry.

Benzonatate, also known as Tessalon and KM-65, is a sodium channel protein antagonist. Benzonatate's mechanism of action is thought to be anesthesia of vagal sensory nerve fibers that mediate cough. Vagal sensory neurons highly express the Nav1.7 subtype of voltage-gated sodium channels, and inhibition of this channel inhibits the cough reflex.

Benorilate, also known as Win-11450, is an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Benorilate has less severe side effects than aspirin.

Benidipine Hydrochloride, also known as KW-3049 and Coniel, is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist used to treat hypertension and angina pectoris. Benidipine Hydrochloride has been reported to reduce oxidative stress.

Bendazac, also known as Bendazolic acid and AF-983, is an anticataract drug. It has been reported that Bendazac acts by preventing protein denaturation.

Benactyzine Hydrochloride, also known as Suavitil, is a centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.

Aurothioglucose hydrate, also known as gold thioglucose and Solganal, is an inhibitor of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase used to treat active rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Auranofin, also known as Ridaura and SKF-39162, is an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Auranofin's exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. Auranofin's efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious.

Amezinium Metilsulfate, also known as Regulton and LU-1631, is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor which exclusively affects postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Amezinium Metilsulfate is used to treat hypotension.

Altizide, also known as Aldactacine and P-1779, is a thiazide diuretic used to treat oedema and hypertension.

Ajmaline, also known as Gilurytmal and Ritmos, is a sodium channel blocker used to treat arrhythmia. Ajmaline is also often used to bring out typical findings of ST elevations in patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome.

Aceclofenac, also known as Airtal and YT-919, is a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor used to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Aceclofenac has improved gastrointestinal tolerance compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Pazufloxacin Mesylate, also known as Pazucross and T-3762, is a quinolone antibacterial agent used for the intravenous therapy of several infections.

Perzinfotel, also known as EAA-090; WAY-126090, is a NMDA receptor antagonist potentially for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain. EAA-090 inhibited [(3)H]3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid binding to NMDA receptors with IC(50) value of 28 nM. IC(50) values for inhibition of current induced by 10 microM NMDA was 477nM.

Bimosiamose, also known as TBC-1269, is a L/E/P-selectin antagonist potentially for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary. Bimosiamose attenuates airway inflammation in COPD. Bimosiamose, an inhaled small-molecule pan-selectin antagonist, attenuates late asthmatic reactions following allergen challenge in mild asthmatics.

Phthalocyanine is an intensely blue-green-coloured aromatic macrocyclic compound that is widely used in dyeing. Phthalocyanine can be used as an agent for Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging. Phthalocyanines form coordination complexes with most elements of the periodic table. These complexes are also intensely colored and also are used as dyes or pigments.

Noscapine, also known as Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen, Anarcotine and (archaic) Opiane, is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the poppy family, without painkilling properties. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. Noscapine's antitussive effects appear to be primarily mediated by its σ–receptor agonist activity. Evidence for this mechanism is suggested by experimental evidence in rats. Pretreatment with rimcazole, a σ-specific antagonist, causes a dose-dependent reduction in antitussive activity of noscapine. Noscapine, and its synthetic derivatives called noscapinoids, are known to interact with microtubules and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Noscapine HCl was discontinued.

Ispronicline, also known as AZD3480; TC 1734; TC-0173, and RJR 1734, is a alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist with cognition-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. Ispronicline is potentially useful for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults.

Pyridoxine (also called pyridoxol, not to be confused with pyridoxal) is one form of vitamin B6. Its hydrochloride salt, pyridoxine hydrochloride, is used as a vitamin B6 dietary supplement.

Sulmazole is a positive inotrope sulmazole inhibits the function of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins by affecting GTP turnover. Sulmazole effects on mechanical performance of hypoxic and reoxygenated isolated mammalian myocardium. Sulmazole (AR-L 115BS) activates the sheep cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel in the presence and absence of calcium.

Sulopenem, also known as CP-70429, is a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor.Sulopenem showed potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas maltophilia. CP-70,429 was stable to various types of beta-lactamases except for the enzyme from X. maltophilia and was 16- to 128-fold more active than the other compounds against beta-lactamase-producing strains of Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii.

Sultamicillin, also known as CP-49952 and VD 1827, is an oral form of the antibiotic combination (codrug or mutual prodrug) ampicillin/sulbactam. It contains esterified ampicillin and sulbactam and is marketed under a number of trade names,Unasyn from Pfizer. After absorption, sultamicillin releases ampicillin and sulbactam into the system, so all the antibacterial efficacy of sultamicillin is due to ampicillin and sulbactam. Ampicillin exerts antibacterial activity against sensitive organisms by inhibiting biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide where as sulbactam irreversibly inhibits most important beta-lactamases that occur in resistant strains.

Isoindigotin is a potential antileukemic agent.

Nicotinamide riboside, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+. NR blocks degeneration of surgically severed dorsal root ganglion neurons ex vivo and protects against noise-induced hearing loss in living mice. Nicotinamide riboside prevents muscle, neural and melanocyte stem cell senescence. Increased muscular regeneration in mice has been observed after treatment with nicotinamide riboside, leading to speculation that it might improve regeneration of organs such as the liver, kidney, and heart. Nicotinamide riboside also lowers blood glucose and fatty liver in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic models while preventing the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Note: Nicotinamide Riboside chloride is a α/β mixture

Bisbenzimide, also known as Pibenzimol, Hoechst 33258, is a cell-permeable, benzimidazole dye that binds to the minor groove of double stranded DNA with preference for adenine and thymine-rich sequences.

Pseudouridine (abbreviated by the Greek letter psi- Ψ) is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine in which the uracil is attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond. It is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA. Ψ is found in all species and in many classes of RNA. Ψ is formed by enzymes called Ψ synthases, which post-transcriptionally isomerize specific uridine residues in RNA in a process termed pseudouridylation.

Ocaperidone, also known as R 79598, is a highly potent and efficacious dopamine-D2 antagonist with concomitant, equivalent serotonin 5-HT2 antagonism. Ocaperidone inhibited dopamine agonist (apomorphine, amphetamine or cocaine)-induced behavioral effects at low doses (0.014-0.042 mg/kg). Ocaperidone completely blocked the dopamine agonist behavior at slightly higher doses (0.064 mg/kg). Ocaperidone is expected to exert pronounced haloperidol-like effects on the positive symptoms of schizophrenic patients but with risperidone-like low extrapyramidal side effect liability and improved patient compliance.

Tinoridine, also known as Y-3642, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Tinoridine, at concentrations from 5 microM up to 100 microM, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition on the simultaneous increases in lipid peroxide formation and renin release induced by 50 microM ascorbic acid in the renin granule fraction. On the other hand, indomethacin, hydrocortisone and prednisolone, which had no ability to inhibit the lipid peroxidation in the renin granule fraction, did not influence the release of renin from the granules. These results suggest that tinoridine suppresses renin release by inhibiting the oxidative disintegration of membranes of renin granules.

PSNCBAM-1 is a CB1 receptor negative allosteric modulator (IC50 values are 45 and 209 nM) with hypophagic effects in vivo. PSNCBAM-1 allosteric antagonism may provide viable therapeutic alternatives to orthosteric CB(1) antagonists/inverse agonists in the treatment of CNS disease.

Phosphoethanolamine, also known as Phosphoethanolamine or calcium EAP, is a vital component in the structure of cell membranes in the human body. Ca-AEP has been shown to help maintain cell membrane integrity and improve cellular functions. Calcium 2-AEP is manufactured by numerous nutraceutical companies and is sold online and in health food stores.

Sacubitril, also known as AHU377, is angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor being studied for use in combination with valsartan for heart failure. Sacubitril is a prodrug that is activated to LBQ657 by de-ethylation via esterases. LBQ657 inhibits the e

Hematoporphyrin, also known as Photodyn, Sensibion, is an endogenous porphyrin formed by the acid hydrolysis of hemoglobin. Nencki and Zaleski determined its chemical structure in 1900. Hematoporphyrin has been used as an antidepressant and antipsychotic since the 1920s.

Lincomycin, also known as U-10149, is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis. A related compound, clindamycin, is derived from lincomycin by using thionyl chloride to replace the 7-hydroxy group with a chlorine atom with inversion of chirality. Although similar in structure, antibacterial spectrum, and mechanism of action to macrolides, lincomycin is also effective against other organisms including actinomycetes and some species of Mycoplasma and Plasmodium. However, because of its adverse effects and toxicity, it is rarely used today and reserved for patients allergic to penicillin or where bacteria have developed resistance.

Thiram is a fungicide, ectoparasiticide, and animal repellent. It is used to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.

β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic heptamer composed of seven glucose units joined "head-to-tail" by alpha-1.4 links. It is produced by the action of the enzyme, cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase (CGT)，on hydrolyzed starch syrups. Cyclodextrins are able to form host-guest complexes with hydrophobic molecules given the unique nature imparted by their structure. As a result, these molecules have found a number of applications in a wide range of fields. β-cyclodextrins are used to produce HPLC columns allowing chiral enantiomers separation, and are also the main ingredient in P&G's product Febreze which claims that the β-cyclodextrins "trap" odor causing compounds, thereby reducing the odor.

Pasireotide, also known as SOM230, is an orphan drug approved for the treatment of Cushing's disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy. It was developed by Novartis. Pasireotide is a somatostatin analog with a 40-fold increased affinity to somatostatin receptor 5 compared to other somatostatin analogs.

Amtolmetin guacil, also known ST-679 and MED-15, is a non-acidic prodrug of tolmetin, having similar NSAID properties like tolmetin with additional analgesic, antipyretic, and gastro protective properties. Amtolmetin is formed by amidation of tolmetin by glycine. Amtolmetin guacil stimulates capsaicin receptors present on gastro intestinal walls, because of presence of vanillic moiety and also releases NO which is gastro protective. It also inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase (COX).

Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV), also known BMOV is a Potent insulin mimetic. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) normalizes glucose and lipid values and restores food and fluid intake to control levels in diabetic rats without increasing insulin levels (0.37 mmol/kg). It attenuates hyperinsulinemia and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Its mechanism of action includes inhibition of PTP1B as well as other tyrosine phosphatases. The drug is nontoxic in vitro at useful concentrations and displays no signs of toxicity in mice at high oral doses.

Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant that acts at the reticular formation in the brain stem by blocking voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. Tolperisone is indicated for use in the treatment of pathologically increased tone of the cross-striated muscle caused by neurological diseases (damage of the pyramidal tract, multiple sclerosis, myelopathy, encephalomyelitis) and of spastic paralysis and other encephalopathies manifested with muscular dystonia.

Importazole is a small molecule inhibitor of the transport receptor importin-β. Importazole specifically inhibits the function of importin-β, likely by altering its interaction with RanGTP. Importazole is a valuable tool to evaluate the function of the importin-β/RanGTP pathway at specific stages during the cell cycle.

Castanospermine is an indolizidine alkaloid first isolated from the seeds of Castanospermum australe. It is a potent inhibitor of some glucosidase enzymes and has antiviral activity in vitro and in mouse models. Castanospermine was a lead to celgosivir.

Phlorizin, also referred to as phloridzin, is a glucoside of phloretin, a dihydrochalcone, a family of bicyclic flavonoids, which in turn is a subgroup in the diverse phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway in plants. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2 because it competes with D-glucose for binding to the carrier; this reduces renal glucose transport, lowering the amount of glucose in the blood. Phlorizin was studied as a potential pharmaceutical treatment for type 2 diabetes, but has since been superseded by more selective and more promising synthetic analogs, such as canagliflozin and dapagliflozin.

Decylubiquinone is an analog of ubiquinone. Decylubiquinone increases mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. decylubiquinone inhibits the redox-activated mitochondrial permeability transition. It blocks reactive oxygen species production in response to glutathione depletion and inhibits activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition.

Clorgyline, also known as Clorgiline, M&B 9302 or MB9302, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) structurally related to pargyline which is described as an antidepressant. Specifically, it is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Clorgiline was never marketed, but it has found use in scientific research. In addition to its actions as an MAOI, clorgiline has been found to bind with high affinity to the σ1 receptor (Ki = 3.2 nM) and with very high affinity to the I2 imidazoline receptor (an allosteric site on the monoamine oxidase enzyme) (Ki = 40 pM).

Etidronate disodium, also known as SM-5600 or 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), is a bisphosphonate used in detergents, water treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutical treatment. Etidronic acid is a chelating agent and may be added to bind or, to some extent, counter the effects of substances, such as calcium, iron or other metal ions, which may be discharged as a component of grey wastewater and could conceivably contaminate groundwater supplies. As a phosphonate it has corrosion inhibiting properties on unnalloyed steel. Etidronic acid also acts to retard rancidification and oxidation of fatty acids.

Altrenogest, also known as allyltrenbolone or allyltrienolone, is a steroidal progestin of the 19-nortestosterone and allyltestosterone groups related to allylestrenol, norgestrienone, and trenbolone that is widely used in veterinary medicine to suppress or synchronize estrus in horses and pigs. It is available for veterinary use in both Europe (as Regumate) and the United States (as Matrix), and has been marketed as Regumate since the early 1980s.

Carbimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism. Carbimazole is a pro-drug as after absorption it is converted to the active form, methimazole. Methimazole prevents thyroid peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine).

Ornidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. It has been investigated for use in Crohn's disease after bowel resection. Synthesis is a straightforward reaction between 2-methyl-nitroimidazole and epichlorohydrin under acid catalyst conditions. After passive absorption into bacterium cell, the nitro group of ornidazole is reduced to amine group by ferrodoxin type redox system. The formation of redox intermediate intracellular metabolites is believed to be the key component of microorganism killing for Ornidazole. The drug is active against anaerobic bacteria viz. Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, B. fragilis, Prevotella, Porphyronomas, Fusobacterium and protozoa viz. E. histolytica, T. vaginalis, G. intestinalis etc.

Dimetridazole is a drug that combats protozoan infections. It is a nitroimidazole class drug. It has been banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive. It used to be commonly added to poultry feed. This led to it being found in eggs. Because of suspicions of it being carcinogenic its use has been legally limited but it is still found in the eggs.

Terbutaline is a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. Terbutaline is used as a fast-acting bronchodilator (often used as a short-term asthma treatment) and as a tocolytic[4] to delay premature labor. The inhaled form of terbutaline starts working within 15 minutes and can last up to 6 hours.

Luminol is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to-pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water. Forensic investigators use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood at crime scenes, as it reacts with the iron in haemoglobin. Biologists use it in cellular assays to detect copper, iron, and cyanides, as well as specific proteins by western blot.