Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial agent. It is a nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone binds bacterial DNA which leads to the gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M.

Gallamine Triethiodide is a mAChR M2 antagonist with pronounced cardioselectivity. It acts by combining with the cholinergic receptor sites in muscle and competitively blocks the transmitter action of acetylcholine. It is a synthetic non-depolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of tubocurarine but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output.

Ganciclovir Sodium is an acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.

Glisoxepide is a second-generation sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Like other second-generation compounds, glisoxepide exerts greater binding affinity than the first-generation compounds. Glisoxepide shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonistic activity, has a short half-life and is excreted in both the bile and urine.

Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, as well as the cell walls of fungi and many higher organisms. Glucosamine is commonly used as a treatment for osteoarthritis, although its acceptance as a medical therapy varies. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine).

Guanethidine sulfate is an antihypertensive agent that inhibits selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

Hetacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that is part of the aminopenicillin family. Hetacillin is a prodrug that is converted to ampicillin via esterases. Ampicillin binds to inactivated penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs, including transpeptidases, carboxypeptidases, and endopeptidases, participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. It is a prodrug and it has no antibacterial activity itself but quickly splits of acetone in the human body to form ampicillin, which is active against a variety of bacteria.

Hexafluronium bromide is a neuromuscular blocking agent used in anesthesiology to prolong and potentiate the skeletal muscle relaxing action of suxamethonium during surgery. It is known to bind and block the activity of plasma cholinesterases. Hexafluronium acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.

Homatropine Methylbromide is a quaternary ammonium salt of methylhomatropine. It is a peripherally acting anticholinergic medication that inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and thus the parasympathetic nervous system. It does not cross the blood–brain barrier. It is used to effectively relieve intestinal spasms and abdominal cramps, without producing the adverse effects of less specific anticholinergics. It is used, in addition to papaverine, as component of mild drugs that help "flush" the bile.

Hydrocortisone Acetate is the synthetic acetate salt form of hydrocortisone, a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Hydrocortisone acetate initially binds to the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor; then the receptor-ligand complex is translocated to the nucleus where it initiates the transcription of genes encoding for anti-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic with actions. It is also an anti-hypertensive and a diuretic.The physiologic effect of hydroflumethiazide is by means of increased diuresis.

Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.

Icosapent is a synthetic derivative of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families.

Iloprost is a drug used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and other diseases in which the blood vessels are constricted and blood can't flow to the tissues. This damages the tissues and causes high blood pressure. Iloprost works by opening (dilating) the blood vessels to allow the blood to flow through again. Note: This product is supplied as acetone solution (10 mg /mL)

Imipenem is an intravenous β-lactam antibiotic discovered by Merck scientists Burton Christensen, William Leanza, and Kenneth Wildonger in 1980. It was the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics. Carbapenems are highly resistant to the β-lactamase enzymes produced by many multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and thus play a key role in the treatment of infections not readily treated with other antibiotics.

Imipramine, sold as Tofranil and also known as melipramine, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) of the dibenzazepine group. Imipramine is mainly used in the treatment of major depression and enuresis (inability to control urination).

Iodixanol is a contrast agent. It is commonly used as a contrast agent during coronary angiography. It is the only iso-osmolar contrast agent, with an osmolality of 290 mOsm/kg H2O—the same as blood.

Iohexol is a contrast agent. The osmolality of iohexol ranges from 322 mOsm/kg—approximately 1.1 times that of blood plasma—to 844 mOsm/kg, almost three times that of blood. Despite this difference, iohexol is still considered a low-osmolality contrast agent. The osmolality of older agents, such as diatrizoate, may be more than twice as high.

Isopropamide (R5) is a long-acting anticholinergic drug. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders involving hyperacidity (gastrointestinal acidosis) and hypermotility. Chemically, it contains a quaternary ammonium group. It is most often provided as an iodide salt, but is also available as a bromide or chloride salt.

Ketoconazole is a synthetic imidazole antifungal drug used primarily to treat fungal infections. It is sold commercially as a tablet for oral administration (although this use has been discontinued in a number of countries), and in a variety of formulations for topical administration, such as creams (used to treat tinea; cutaneous candidiasis, including candidal paronychia; and pityriasis versicolor) and shampoos (used primarily to treat dandruff—seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp).

Ketorolac or ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivatives, used as an analgesic. It acts by inhibiting the bodily synthesis of prostaglandins. Ketorolac in its oral (tablet or capsule) and intramuscular (injected) preparations is a racemic mixture of both (S)-(?)-ketorolac, the active isomer, and (R)-(+)-ketorolac. An ophthalmic solution of ketorolac is also used to treat eye pain and to relieve the itchiness and burning of seasonal allergies.

Labetalol is a mixed alpha/beta adrenergic antagonist that is used to treat high blood pressure. It can be given intravenously in severe hypertensive situations, or by mouth for long term hypertension management. Studies suggest that the pharmacokinetics of labetalol are significantly affected by the common CYP2C19 polymorphisms.

Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used topically to manage glaucoma.

Lindane is an organochlorine chemical variant of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. In humans, lindane affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may well be a carcinogen. It is unclear whether lindane is an endocrine disruptor.

Lisuride maleate is an ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors, a dopamine agonist. It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors. It displays high affinity for D2, D3 and D4 receptors along with 5-HT1A. Lisuride maleate is also known as an anti-Parkinson's agent.

Lofexidine Hydrochloride is an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is structurally related to Clonidine and used in the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms as well as an anihypertensive. It can be used as a short acting anti-hypertensive.

Lumefantrine, also known as HSDB 7210, is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with artemether for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and may be used to treat infections caused by P. falciparum and unidentified Plasmodium species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.

Malathion is an organophosphorous compound that inhibits cholinesterase enzyme activity. Malathion contains an interesting phosphinothioyl-thio ester as its active moiety where modification of acetylcholinesterase occurs. The action of Malathion on acetylcholinesterase has been correlated to prolonged modulation of the functioning of the cutaneous vasculature. Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide of relatively low human toxicity.

Maprotiline Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of maprotiline, a tetracyclic antidepressant closely related to the tricyclic antidepressants with adrenergic activity and sedative properties. Maprotiline hydrochloride exerts its effect by blocking the re-uptake of norepinephrine, thereby increasing the synaptic concentration of norepinephrine in the central nervous system and subsequently prolonging the action of norepinephrine on central receptors.

Meclizine dihydrochloride is a histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. Meclizine hydrochloride increases human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) target gene expression in human hepatocyte primary cultures.

Meclofenamic acid is a drug used for joint, muscular pain, arthritis and dysmenorrhea. Meclofenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is a member of the anthranilic acid derivatives class of NSAID drugs and was approved by the FDA in 1980. Like other members of the class, it is a COX inhibitor and prevents formation of prostaglandins.

Mefenamic Acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and has demonstrated antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer cells.

Memantine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of memantine, a low-affinity, voltage-dependent, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Memantine binds to and inhibits cation channels of glutamanergic NMDA receptors located in the central nervous system, preventing the prolonged influx of calcium ions and the associated neuronal excitotoxicity, and thereby potentially enhancing cognitive function. Memantine is also a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptor and nicotinic receptor antagonist.

Mepenzolate Bromide is a muscarinic antagonist used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It decreases the severity of elastase-induced airspace enlargement and respiratory dysfunction.

Mephenytoin (racemic) is a hydantoin, used as an anticonvulsant. It was introduced approximately 10 years after phenytoin, in the late 1940s. The significant metabolite of mephenytoin is nirvanol (5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin), which was the first hydantoin (briefly used as a hypnotic). However, nirvanol is quite toxic and mephenytoin was only considered after other less toxic anticonvulsants had failed. It can cause potentially fatal blood dyscrasia in 1% of patients. Mephenytoin is no longer available in the US or the UK. It is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.

Mepivacaine Hydrochloride is a local anesthetic. It reversibly blocks inward current of transient Na+, as well as the steady-state K+ outward current. Mepivacaine Hydrochloride blocks tandem pore (TASK) and Kv1.5, potassium channels in model systems.

Mepyramine maleate, also known as Pyrilamine maleate, is a histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.

Mesoridazine besylate is a phenothiazine dopamine receptor anatagonist. Mesoridazine besylate is described to demonstrate inhibition for D2DR and D4DR. It has a high affinity for dopamine D4 receptor. Mesoridazine besylate is an antipsychotic agent.

Metaraminol bitartrate is a sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of hypotension.

Methacholine chloride is used to constrict airway smooth muscle and to assess bronchial reactivity. Methacholine chloride is a cholinergic agonist and parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor. A metabolically stable analog of acetylcholine, it is a muscarin

Methantheline Bromide is a synthetic antispasmodic. It is used to relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines, and bladder. Methantheline is used to treat intestine or stomach ulcers (peptic ulcer disease), intestine problems, pancreatitis, gastritis, biliary dyskinesia, pylorosplasm, or urinary problems.

Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma. Methazolamide inhibits tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), which may result in increased cell death in hypoxic tumors. As a hypoxia-inducible transmembrane glycoprotein, CAIX catalyzes the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions, helping to maintain acidification of the tumor microenvironment and enhance resistance to cytotoxic therapy in some hypoxic tumors.

Methdilazine Hydrochloride is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties of the phenothiazine class.

Methoxamine Hydrochloride is an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction.

Mesuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant medication. It is sold as a racemate by Pfizer under the tradenames Petinutin and Celontin. The therapeutic efficacy of methosuximide is largely due to its pharmacologically active metabolite, N-desmethylmethosuximide, which has a longer half-life and attains much higher plasma levels than its parent.

Methyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of Hydrochlorothiazide.

Methylergonovine Maleate is the maleate salt of methylergonovine, a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid with vasoconstrictive and uterotonic effects. Methylergonovine stimulates serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors as well as inhibits the release of endothelial-derived relaxation factor. This results in arterial vasoconstriction and increased uterine smooth muscle contractions.

Methotrimeprazine is a phenothiazine neuroleptic drug. It is a low-potency antipsychotic (approximately half as potent as chlorpromazine) with strong analgesic, hypnotic and antiemetic properties that is primarily used in palliative care. Serious side effects include tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, abnormalities in the electrical cycle of the heart, low blood pressure and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome. As is typical of phenothiazine antipsychotics, levomepromazine is a "dirty drug", that is, it exerts its effects by blocking a variety of receptors, including adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors, histamine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and serotonin receptors. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomepromazine).

Methylscopolamine is an oral medication used along with other medications to treat peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors and antihistamine medications have made this use obsolete. It can also be used for stomach or intestinal spasms, to reduce salivation, and to treat motion sickness. Methscopolamine is also commonly used as a drying agent, to dry up post-nasal drip, in cold, irritable bowel syndrome and allergy medications.

Methysergide is a prescription drug formerly used for prophylaxis of cluster headaches/migraine headaches, but is no longer recommended due to retroperitoneal/retropulmonary fibrosis. It is also used in carcinoid syndrome to treat severe diarrhea. It may also be used in the treatment of serotonin syndrome.

Meticillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It should not be confused with the antibiotic metacycline. Meticillin was previously used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria, in particular, penicillinase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus that would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins.

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in eye drops to treat glaucoma. It is rapidly metabolized into desacetylmetipranolol.

Metrizamide is a nonionic radiopaque contrast agent.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis, and bacterial vaginosis. It is effective for dracunculiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis. It is the drug of choice for a first episode of mild-to-moderate Clostridium difficile colitis.

Metyrapone is a drug used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and occasionally in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism). It blocks cortisol synthesis by reversibly inhibiting steroid 11β-hydroxylase. This stimulates ACTH secretion, which in turn increases plasma 11-deoxycortisol levels.

Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. It is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other extended spectrum penicillins, it is excreted by the liver, therefore it is useful for biliary tract infections, such as ascending cholangitis.

Mianserin is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and has antidepressant, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), hypnotic (sedating), antiemetic (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), orexigenic (appetite-stimulating), and antihistamine effects.

Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically to the skin or to mucous membranes to cure fungal infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. It can also be used against certain species of Leishmania protozoa which are a type of unicellular parasites that also contain ergosterol in their cell membranes. In addition to its antifungal and antiparasitic actions, it also has some antibacterial properties.

Misoprostol is a medication used to start labor, cause an abortion, prevent and treat stomach ulcers, and treat postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus. For abortions it is often used with mifepristone or methotrexate. By itself effectiveness for this purpose is between 66% and 90%.

Moricizine is an antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.

Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure and chest pain. Additionally, it is often prescribed in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, migraine headaches, and complications of cirrhosis.

Naftifine is an allylamine antifungal drug for the topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis (fungal infections). Its precise mechanism of action is unknown, but may involve selectively blocking sterol biosynthesis via inhibition of the squalene 2,3-epoxidase enzyme. The half-life is approximately 2–3 days. The metabolites are excreted in the urine and feces.

Naratriptan is a triptan drug marketed by GlaxoSmithKline and is used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Naratriptan is available in 2.5 mg tablets. It is a selective 5-HT1 receptor subtype agonist.

Nicergoline is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins. It has been found to increase mental agility and enhance clarity and perception. It decreases vascular resistance and increases arterial blood flow in the brain, improving the utilization of oxygen and glucose by brain cells. It has similar vasoactive properties in other areas of the body, particularly the lungs. Nicergoline is used for vascular disorders such as cerebral thrombosis and atherosclerosis, arterial blockages in the limbs, Raynaud's disease, vascular migraines, and retinopathy.

Niflumic acid is a drug used for joint and muscular pain. It is categorized as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. In experimental biology, it has been employed to inhibit chloride channels. Niflumic acid has also been reported to act on GABA-A and NMDA channels and to block T-type calcium channels.

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat bladder infections. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression. It is not effective for kidney infections.

Nitrofurazone is a topical anti-infective agent that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds and injuries and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Nitroxoline is an antibiotic that has been in use in Europe for about fifty years, and has proven to be very effective at combating biofilm infections. Nitroxoline was shown to cause a decrease in the biofilm density of P. aeruginosa infections, which would allow access to the infection by the immune system in vivo. It was shown that nitroxoline functions by chelating Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions from the biofilm matrix; when Fe2+ and Zn2+ were reintroduced into the system, biofilm formation was reconstituted. The activity of biofilm degradation is comparable to EDTA, but has a history of human use in clinical settings and therefore has a precedent with which to allow its use against “slimy” biofilm infections.

Nizatidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Norelgestromin is a steroidal progestin used in contraceptive patches, where it is combined with the estrogen ethinyl estradiol. It is one of the active metabolites of norgestimate.

Norepinephrine is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine directly stimulates adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction of the radial smooth muscle of the iris, arteries, arterioles, veins, urinary bladder, and the sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors causes an increase in myocardial contractility, heart rate, automaticity, and atrioventricular (AV) conduction while stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors causes bronchiolar and vascular smooth muscle dilatation.

Norfloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterial agent occasionally used to treat common as well as complicated urinary tract infections. It is a first generation synthetic fluoroquinolone (quinolone) and is approved for the treatment of urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases, although it is no longer used for the latter due to bacterial resistance.

Norgestimate is an acetylated progestinused in combination with ethinyl estradiol as an oral contraceptive. It acts as a prodrug to norelgestromin (17-deacetylnorgestimate or levonorgestrel 3-oxime), the primary active metabolite, and levonorgestrel (deacetylation of norgestimate occurs in the intestines and the liver). Unlike levonorgestrel, norgestimate shows high selectivity for the progesterone receptor and low androgenic action due to a large drug-induced elevation in the level of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (which preferentially binds androgens and thus inhibits their action). In accordance, clinical trials have observed minimal androgenic side effects. Norgestimate and its metabolites themselves, unlike many other progestins, do not bind to SHBG.

Nortriptyline is a second-generation tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is used in the treatment of major depression and childhood nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting). Its off-label uses include treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic pain and migraine, and labile affect in some neurological disorders.

Ofloxacin is a synthetic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class considered to be a second-generation fluoroquinolone.

Olopatadine is an antihistamine, as well as anticholinergic and mast cell stabilizer. It is used to treat itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis (eye allergies). There is also a potential for Olopatadine as a treatment modality for steroid rebound (red skin syndrome).

Olsalazine is an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis. Like balsalazide, olsalazine is believed to deliver mesalazine, or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), past the small intestine, directly to the large intestine, which is the active site of disease in ulcerative colitis.

Oxacillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Other related compounds are nafcillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin. Since it is resistant to penicillinase enzymes, such as that produced by Staphylococcus aureus, it is widely used clinically in the US to treat penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Oxaprozin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), used to relieve the inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Chemically, it is a propionic acid derivative.

Oxiconazole is an antifungal medication typically administered in a cream or lotion to treat skin infections, such as athlete's foot, jock itch and ringworm. It can also be prescribed to treat the skin rash known as tinea versicolor, caused by systemic yeast overgrowth (Candida spp.).

Oxtriphylline is a cough medicine derived from xanthine that acts as a bronchodilator to open up airways in the lung. Chemically, it is a salt of choline and theophylline. It classifies as an expectorant.

Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. It is also given to help with symptoms associated with kidney stones.

Oxymetazoline is a selective α1 adrenergic receptor agonist and α2 adrenergic receptor partial agonist. It is a topical decongestant, used in the form of oxymetazoline hydrochloride in products such as Afrin, Dristan, Nasivin, Nezeril, Nostrilla, Logicin, Vicks Sinex, Visine L.R., Sudafed OM, Zicam, SinuFrin and Mucinex Sinus-Max. It was developed from xylometazoline at E. Merck Darmstadt by Fruhstorfer in 1961. Oxymetazoline is generally available as a nasal spray.

Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of oxytetracycline, a tetracycline derivative produced by Streptomyces rimosus exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride is an antibacterial compound isolated from the elaboration products of the actinomycete, Streptomyces rimosus, when grown on a suitable medium. Oxytetracycline hydrochloride interferes with binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby preventing peptide elongation and inhibiting protein synthesis. It is often used to treat skin conditions.

Paramethasone Acetate is a fluorinated glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties.

Paramethadione is an anticonvulsant agent in the oxazolidinedione class.

Paroxetine hydrochloride is a serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. It is a highly potent and selective ST (serotonin transporter/5-HT) uptake inhibitor. It acts by binding to ST (serotonin transporter/SERT) with high affinity. Paroxetine binds to the pre-synaptic serotonin transporter complex resulting in negative allosteric modulation of the complex thereby blocking reuptake of serotonin by the pre-synaptic transporter. Paroxetine HCl has also displayed a high affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Pefloxacin mesylate dihydrate is a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Penbutolol Sulfate is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, thus making it a non-selective β blocker. Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors. Penbutolol has also been found to be one of very few compounds that are 5-HT1A antagonists. 5-HT1A receptors are activated by serotonin, which have many different actions in different species. This makes it difficult to create generalizations about serotonin and its effects.

Pentagastrin is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid as the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test. Pentagastrin binds to the cholecystokinin-B receptor, which is expressed widely in the brain. Activation of these receptors activates the phospholipase C second messenger system.

Pentamidine isethionate inhibits constitutive NOS1 in the brain and acts as a NMDA Glu antagonist. Pentamidine isethionate is an antimicrobial and neuroprotective agent.

Pentoxifylline is a drug used to treat muscle pain in people with peripheral artery disease. Like other methylated xanthine derivatives, pentoxifylline is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF and leukotriene synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity. It is being investigated for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is generic and sold under many brand names worldwide.

Permethrin is a widely-used pesticide of the pyrethroid family. Permethrin interacts with voltage-gated Na+ channels and inhibits their natural deactivation, causing the channels to remain open for a long time and destroying equilibrium of the neuronal system. Pyrethroids are also thought to interact with GABA receptors and associated pathways.

Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antiemetic and antipsychotic properties. Perphenazine blocks postsynaptic dopamine 2(D2) receptors in the mesolimbic and medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), thereby preventing the excess of dopamine in the brain. This leads to reduction in psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Phensuximide is an anticonvulsant in the succinimide class. It suppresses the paroxysmal three cycle per second spike and wave EEG pattern associated with lapses of consciousness in petit mal seizures. The frequency of attacks is reduced by depression of nerve transmission in the motor cortex.

Pilocarpine hydrochloride is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Systemic administration of (+)-pilocarpine is typically used as an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy and can mimic the generation of complex partial seizures by producing changes in hippocampal neuron morphology, membrane properties, and synaptic responses. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

Pindolol is a moderately lipophilic beta blocker. Pindolol is a SR-1A/SR-1B antagonist with similar affinity for each subtype. Pindolol acts as a partial agonist at mouse and human β3-AR (β3-adrenoceptors). Pindolol is an inhibitor of β1-AR.

Piperacillin sodium is an antibiotic related to penicillin. Piperacillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis.

Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms at opposite positions in the ring. Piperazine exists as small alkaline deliquescent crystals with a saline taste. Piperazine exists as small alkaline deliquescent crystals with a saline taste. Piperazine was introduced to medicine as a solvent for uric acid.

Pirbuterol Acetate is a short-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist with bronchodilating action used in the treatment of asthma as a breath-activated metered-dose inhaler.

Pivampicillin Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of an orally active pivalate ester of ampicillin with antibacterial activity. Pivampicillin is hydrolyzed into its active form ampicillin by esterases. Ampicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall, eventually causing cell lysis.

Practolol is a selective beta blocker that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propranolol.

Pravastatin Sodium is an antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase Pravastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells.

Prednicarbate is a Corticosteroid. The mechanism of action of prednicarbate is as a Corticosteroid Hormone Receptor Agonist. Prednicarbate is a synthetic non-halogenated double-ester derivative of the corticosteroid prednisolone with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes by suppression of the production of vasodilators such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide.

Prednisolone sodium phosphate is a water soluble form of prednisolone, a glucocorticoid. It is used to treat a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions and some cancers. It is the active metabolite of the drug prednisone and is used especially in patients with liver failure, as these individuals are unable to metabolize prednisone into active prednisolone.

Priolocaine Hydrochloride is used as local nerve blocker and for spinal anesthesia. It is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. Its pharmacological properties are similar to those of lidocaine.

Primaquine is an established antimalarial drug used in the treatment of persistent liver forms of P. vivax or P. ovale infection for its ability to kill late-stage gametocytes and hypnozoites. In historical terms, this aminoquinoline was the stimulus for the discovery of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase deficiency as it induced hemolytic anemia in patients lacking the G6P-metabolizing enzyme.

Procainamide hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt preparation of Procainamide, a potent blocker of Na+ channels. Procainamide demonstrates antiarrhythmic effects correlated with blockade of the Na+ channels. Procainamide hydrochloride is an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase.

Procaterol hydrochloride is a specific and very potent β2-AR agonist. It acts as a vasodialator for long term treatment of asthma.

Prochlorperazine dimaleate is a dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotic agents that are used for the antiemetic treatment of nausea and vertigo. It is also a highly potent typical antipsychotic, 10–20 times more potent than chlorpromazine. Prochlorperazine dimaleate is also used to treat migraine headaches.

Procyclidine hydrochloride is a muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in Parkinsonism.

Proflavine hemisulfate is an Acridine derivative, which is a slow-acting disinfectant with bacteriostatic action against many Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative organisms. Proflavine Hemisulfate has little antifungal activity.

Progabide is an analog and prodrug of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy. It has agonistic activity for both the GABAA and GABAB receptors. Progabide has been investigated for many diseases besides epilepsy, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, clinical depression and anxiety disorder with varying success.

Promazine Hydrochloride is a phenothiazine compound and D2DR inhibitor. Promazine Hydrochloride has been employed in studies investigating dopamine-stimulated glycosylation of brain proteins in vitro. It has actions similar to chlorpromazine but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic. Promazine hydrochloride blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors D1 and D2 in the mesolimbic and medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby decreasing stimulation of the vomiting center in the brain and psychotic effects, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Promethazine Hydrochloride is an antiemetic, antihistaminic, and CNS depressant. Promethazine Hydrochloride is a first generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist whose antihistamine activity. Promethazine can penetrate the CNS, depressing central H1-receptor activity, which may relate to its sedative properties, and can also inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Propafenone Hydrochloride is a sodium channel protein inhibitor. Propafenone Hydrochloride is an inhibitor of AR.

Propantheline bromide inhibits action of acetylcholine at post-ganglionic synapses and acts as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, antispasmodic, and reduces gastric acid secretion. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. Propantheline bromide competitively antagonizes acetylcholine activity mediated by muscarinic receptors at neuroeffector sites on smooth muscle and exocrine gland cells.

Protriptyline Hydrochloride is a tricyclic secondary amine with antidepressant property. Protriptyline hydrochloride blocks the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by nerve terminals, thereby increasing available norepinephrine and serotonin. Protriptyline does not block dopamine transport but may have an indirect dopamine-facilitating effect through interactions of increased peri-synaptic abundance of norepinephrine, particularly in the cerebral cortex, where adrenergic terminals exceed dopaminergic terminals. This results in elevation of mood and behavioral activity. In addition, this agent exhibits anticholinergic activity.

Pyridostigmine Bromide is a cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than neostigmine. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.Pyridostigmine bromide binds reversibly to acetylcholinesterase active sites in the peripheral nervous system, thereby preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses and facilitates transmission of impulses across the neuromuscular junction.

Quinapril Hydrochloride is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Quinapril is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite, quinaprilat. Quinapril’s target catalyses the formation of angiotensin II from its precursor, angiotensin I. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and thus preventing its formation causes vasodilation and an increased capillary blood volume.

Quinestrol is a compound used in estrogen replacement therapy.

Quinethazone is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension. Common side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, and low potassium levels.

Ranitidine hydrochloride is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist used in the treatment of gastrointestinal lesions due to excessive gastric acid secretion.

Remoxipride Hydrochloride (anhydrous) is a selective and potent D2DR (dopamine D2 receptor) antagonist with very modest efficacy against D3RD and D4RD receptors.

Rolitetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that may be given intravenously or intramuscularly in serious bacterial infections when oral administration is not practicable.

Selegiline hydrochloride is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability.

Spaglumic Acid is a peptide neurotransmitter and the third-most-prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. NAAG consists of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) and glutamic acid coupled via a peptide bond.

Sparfloxacin trade names Spacin in Bangladesh, Zagam and Zagam Respipac, is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of gonorrhea infections. It is given by injection into a muscle. Common side effects include pain at the area of injection, rash, nausea, fever, and trouble sleeping.

Spirapril is an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive drug used to treat hypertension. It belongs to dicarboxy group of ACE inhibitors.

Spironolactone is a medication primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. Other uses include high blood pressure, low blood potassium that does not improve with supplementation, early puberty, excessive hair growth in women, and as a component of hormone replacement therapy for trans women.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic (antimycobacterial) drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and it was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. It is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic. Adverse effects of this medicine are ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, fetal auditory toxicity, and neuromuscular paralysis.

Suxamethonium Chloride, also known as Succinylcholine, is a medication used to induce muscle relaxation and short-term paralysis, usually to help with tracheal intubation. It is sometimes used in combination with pain medications and sedatives for euthanasia and immobilization of horses. )

Sulfacetamide has anti-inflammatory properties when used to treat blepharitis or conjunctivitis (in eye-drop solution). It is believed to work by limiting the presence of folic acid which bacteria need to survive. It has been suggested that sulfacetamide may also serve as a treatment for mild forms of hidradenitis suppurativa. Sulfacetamide has antibacterial activity and is used to control acne.

Sulfadiazine eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell, and is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections, and burns. In combination, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, can be used to treat toxoplasmosis.

Sulfadimethoxine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. Albon is produced by Pfizer Animal Health and is available as an oral suspension, tablet or bolus. It is used to treat many infections including treatment of respiratory, urinary tract, enteric, and soft tissue infections. It is most frequently used in veterinary medicine. Sulfadimethoxine inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from para-aminobenzoic acid. It is also commonly used for the treatment of coccidiosis in many species.

Sulfamethoxazole is an antibiotic. It was used for bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and prostatitis and is effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and a rash. It is a sulfonamide and bacteriostatic.

Sulfametopyrazine is a long-acting sulfonamide antibacterial used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, urinary tract infections and malaria.

Sulfamoxole is a sulfonamide antibacterial.

Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Chemically, it is an organic compound consisting of an aniline derivatized with a sulfonamide group. sulfanilamide remains in use for treatment of vaginal yeast infections.

Sulfapyridine is a sulfonamide antibacterial. At one time it was commonly referred to as M&B. Sulfapyridine is no longer prescribed for treatment of infections in humans. However, it may be used to treat linear IgA disease. It is a good antibacterial drug, but its water solubility is very pH dependent. Thus there is a risk of crystallization within the bladder or urethra, which could lead to pain or blockage. As with other sulfonamides, there is a significant risk of agranulocytosis, and this, rather than the development of resistance by bacteria, is the main reason for its decline in use.

Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms.

Tacrine is a centrally acting anticholinesterase and indirect cholinergic agonist. It is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Tamsulosin is an α1a adrenergic receptor antagonist used in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Tamsulosin is used in the treatment of difficult urination, a common symptom of enlarged prostate. Tamsulosin, and other medications in the class called alpha blockers, work by relaxing bladder neck muscles and muscle fibers in the prostate itself and make it easier to urinate.

Terbutaline is a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, used as a "reliever" inhaler in the management of asthma symptoms and as a tocolytic (anti-contraction medication) to delay preterm labor for up to 48 hours. This time can then be used to administer steroid injections to the mother which help fetal lung maturity and reduce complications of prematurity. It should not be used to prevent preterm labor or delay labor more than 48–72 hours.

Terlipressin is an analogue of vasopressin used as a vasoactive drug in the management of low blood pressure. It has been found to be effective when norepinephrine does not help. Indications for use include norepinephrine-resistant septic shock and hepatorenal syndrome. In addition, it is used to treat bleeding esophageal varices. Terlipressin is currently not available in the United States, or Canada, but it is available in New Zealand, Australia, much of Europe, India & UAE.

Tetrahydrofolic acid, or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative. Tetrahydrofolic acid is a cofactor in many reactions, especially in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids. Tetrahydrofolic acid acts as a donor of a group with one carbon atom. It gets this carbon atom by sequestering formaldehyde produced in other processes.

Thiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide. Tiabendazole works by inhibition of the mitochondrial, helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase, with possible interaction with endogenous quinone. Tiabendazole serves to block angiogenesis in both frog embryos and human cells. It has also been shown to serve as a vascular disrupting agent to reduce newly established blood vessels. Tiabendazole has been shown to effectively do this in certain cancer cells.

Thiamine, named as the "thio-vitamine" ("sulfur-containing vitamin"), is a vitamin of the B complex. Thiamine is found in a wide variety of foods at low concentrations. Yeast, yeast extract, and pork are the most highly concentrated sources of thiamine. In general, cereal grains are the most important dietary sources of thiamine, by virtue of their ubiquity. Thiamine hydrochloride (Betaxin) is a (when by itself) white, crystalline hygroscopic food-additive used to add a brothy/meaty flavor to gravies or soups. It is a natural intermediary resulting from a thiamine-HCl reaction, which precedes hydrolysis and phosphorylation, before it is finally employed (in the form of TPP) in a number of enzymatic amino, fatty acid, and carbohydrate reactions.

Thioridazine is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug group and was previously widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis; the branded product was withdrawn worldwide in 2005 because it caused severe cardiac arrhythmias, however, generic versions are available in the US.

Tiaprofenic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylpropionic acid (profen) class, used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain Long-term use of tiaprofenic acid is associated with severe cystitis, roughly 100 times more commonly than other NSAIDs. It is contraindicated in patients with cystitis and urinary tract infections.

Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It is almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is also one of the few antibiotics capable of treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. It is provided as a white or pale-yellow powder. It is highly soluble in water, but should be dissolved only immediately before use to prevent degradation.

Tiludronate is a bisphosphonate used for treatment of Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) in human medicine. In veterinary medicine, tiludronic acid is used to treat navicular disease and bone spavin in horses. Its trade names are Tildren and Equidronate. It is approved for treatment of navicular disease and distal tarsal osteoarthritis in Europe, and was approved for treatment of navicular disease in the United States in 2014. Tiludronate is a non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclasts, the primary cell responsible for the breakdown of bone required for bone remodeling.

Tinidazole is an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. The nitro- group of tinidazole is reduced by cell extracts of Trichomonas. The free nitro- radical generated as a result of this reduction may be responsible for the antiprotozoal activity. Chemically reduced tinidazole was shown to release nitrites and cause damage to purified bacterial DNA in vitro. Additionally, the drug caused DNA base changes in bacterial cells and DNA strand breakage in mammalian cells. The mechanism by which tinidazole exhibits activity against Giardia and Entamoeba species is not known.

Tioconazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class used to treat infections caused by a fungus or yeast. It is marketed under the brand names Trosyd and Gyno-Trosyd (Pfizer). Tioconazole ointments serve to treat women's vaginal yeast infections. Tioconazole topical (skin) preparations are also available for ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot, and tinea versicolor or "sun fungus".

Tizanidine is a drug that is used as a muscle relaxant. It is a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist. It is used to treat the spasms, cramping, and tightness of muscles caused by medical problems such as multiple sclerosis, ALS, spastic diplegia, back pain, or certain other injuries to the spine or central nervous system. It is also prescribed off-label for migraine headaches, as a sleep aid, and as an anticonvulsant. It is also prescribed for some symptoms of fibromyalgia.

Tofisopam is an anxiolytic that is marketed in several European countries. Chemically, it is a 2,3-benzodiazepine. Unlike other anxiolytic benzodiazepines (which are generally 1,4- or 1,5-substituted) however, tofisopam does not have anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. While it may not be an anticonvulsant in and of itself, it has been shown to enhance the anticonvulsant action of classical 1,4-benzodiazepines such as diazepam (but not sodium valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin). Tofisopam is indicated for the treatment of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal.

Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis). It has also been used (in conjunction with Sodium nitroprusside) successfully as an antidote to reverse the severe peripheral vasoconstriction which can occur as a result of overdose with certain 5-HT2A agonist drugs such as 25I-NBOMe, DOB and Bromodragonfly (prolonged severe vasoconstriction can lead to gangrene if untreated).

Tolnaftate is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent that may be sold without medical prescription in most jurisdictions. It can be administered as a cream, powder, spray, and liquid aerosol. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm.

Tolterodine is an antimuscarinic drug that is used for symptomatic treatment of urinary incontinence.

Trandolapril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure. It acts by competitive inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system which plays an important role in regulating blood pressure..

Tranylcypromine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)—it is a nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). It is used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent in the clinical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively.

Triamcinolone is used to treat a number of different medical conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, ulcerative colitis, lupus, sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, ocular inflammation, Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, aphthous ulcers (usually as triamcinolone acetonide), visualization during vitrectomy and the prevention of asthma attacks. It will not treat an asthma attack once it has already begun. It has also been used off-label for macular degeneration.

Trichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema (including that which is associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and corticosteroid therapy) and hypertension. In veterinary medicine, trichlormethiazide can be combined with dexamethasone to be used on horses with mild swelling of distal limbs and general bruising. As a diuretic (in particular a thiazide), trichlormethiazide encourages water loss from the body.

Benzhexol, also known as Trihexyphenidyl, is an antiparkinsonian agent of the antimuscarinic class. It has been in clinical usage for decades.

Trimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant. It is most commonly used to treat epileptic conditions that are resistant to other treatments. Trimethadione (TMO) has the properties required of probe drugs for the evaluation of hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in humans in vivo. TMO is demethylated to dimethadione (DMO), its only metabolite, in the liver after oral administration.

Trimethobenzamide is an antiemetic used to prevent nausea and vomiting. It is often prescribed for patients with gastroenteritis, medication-induced nausea, and other illnesses. Trimethobenzamide is generally considered the most potent antiemetic that does not have effects on the serotonergic, dopaminergic, or histaminergic systems, so it has a lower likelihood of causing undesired side effects. In the United States, it requires a prescription. Although the specific mechanism through which trimethobenzamide functions is unknown, it is believed to affect the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla oblongata.

Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. It is taken by mouth. Trimethoprim was first used in 1962.

Trioxsalen is a photosenisitizer. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A (the least damaging form of ultraviolet light) for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and hand eczema. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, which can cause programmed cell death unless repaired by cellular mechanisms. In research it can be conjugated to dyes for confocal microscopy and used to visualize sites of DNA damage.

Triprolidine is an over-the-counter antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used to combat the symptoms associated with allergies and is sometimes combined with other cold medications designed to provide general relief for flu-like symptoms. Like many antihistamines, the most common side effect is drowsiness. Triprolidine is a quick acting drug that can clear congestion and stop runny noses in 15–30 minutes. .

Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina. Due to its relatively short duration of effect (4–8 hours), it is typically used during eye examinations such as the dilated fundus examination, but it may also be used before or after eye surgery. Cycloplegic drops are often also used to treat anterior uveitis, decreasing risk of posterior synechiae and decreasing inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Trovafloxacin was a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. It had better gram-positive bacterial coverage and less gram-negative coverage than the previous fluoroquinolones.

Tubocurarine is a toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison. In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is now rarely used as an adjunct for clinical anesthesia because safer alternatives, such as cisatracurium and rocuronium, are available.

Tymazoline (trade name Thymazen in Poland) is a nasal decongestant that can be used to treat rhinitis. It acts as an antihistaminic and sympathomimetic, reducing swelling, inflammation and mucosal secretions.

Vardenafil, also known as BAY 38-9456, is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating erectile dysfunction. Vardenafil's indications and contra-indications are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors; it is closely related in function to sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis). The difference between the vardenafil molecule and sildenafil citrate is a nitrogen atom's position and the change of sildenafil's piperazine ring methyl group to an ethyl group. Tadalafil is structurally different from both sildenafil and vardenafil. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to but somewhat longer than sildenafil's.

Vigabatrin, also known as gamma-vinyl-GABA, is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits the breakdown of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by acting as a suicide inhibitor of GABA transaminase (GABA-T). It is a structural analog of GABA, but does not bind to GABA receptors. Vigabatrin is an irreversible suicide inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the brain. Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.

Ziprazidone is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. Its intramuscular injection form is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients for whom treatment with just ziprasidone is appropriate. The mechanism of action of ziprasidone, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown. However, it has been proposed that this drug's efficacy in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2 (5HT2) antagonism. As with other drugs having efficacy in bipolar disorder, the mechanism of action of ziprasidone in bipolar disorder is unknown.

Bimolane is a topoisomerase II inhibitor. Bimolane has been widely used in China as an anti-neoplastic agent and for the treatment of psoriasis. Bimolane is also a leukemogenic agent and is thought to exert its effects through the inhibition of topoisomerase II. The results of enzyme and DNA titration assays indicate that inhibition of topoisomerase II by bimolane occurred through interactions with DNA, similar to the mechanism seen with the epipodophyllotoxin-type inhibitors. These results provide evidence that bimolane is an inhibitor of topoisomerase II in vitro.

Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel, is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and along with an antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. It is also sometimes used as a sleep aid because of its sedating effect but this use is not recommended. Quetiapine is a dopamine, serotonin, and adrenergic antagonist, and a potent antihistamine with clinically negligible anticholinergic properties. Quetiapine binds strongly to serotonin receptors; the drug acts as partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors.

Mianserin hydrochloride is a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.

Zidebactam, also known as WCK-5107, is a Beta lactamase inhibitor. Zidebactam is a novel Inhibitor of PBP2 Showing Potent "β-Lactam Enhancer" Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Including Multidrug-Resistant Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing High-Risk Clones. Zidebactam demonstrated specific high-affinity binding to PBP2 of A. baumannii (0.01 μg/ml for both of the compounds). The MIC of zidebactam was >1,024 μg/ml for wild-type and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter strains. Zidebactam is a PBP2 inhibitor that show a potent β-lactam enhancer effect against A. baumannii, including a multidrug-resistant OXA-23-producing ST2 international clone.

Avoralstat, also known as BCX-4161, is a potent and orally active Kallikrein inhibitor and Bradykinin inhibitor. Avoralstat may be potentially useful for treatment for Hereditary angioedema. Avoralstat inhibits plasma kallikrein and suppresses bradykinin production. Bradykinin is the mediator of acute swelling attacks in HAE patients.

Lascufloxacin, also known as KRP-AM-1977, is a potent antibacterial drug candidate. Lascufloxacin showed a broad spectrum of activity against various clinical isolates. Especially, lascufloxacin showed the most potent activity against gram-positive bacteria among the quinolones tested. Furthermore, lascufloxacin showed incomplete cross-resistance against existing quinolone-resistant strains. Enzymatic analysis indicated that lascufloxacin showed potent inhibitory activity against both wild-type and mutated target enzymes. Lascufloxacin may be useful in treating infections caused by various pathogens, including quinolone-resistant strains.

Verubecestat, also known as MK-8931 or SCH 900931, is a potent and selective beta-secretase inhibitor, and BACE1 protein inhibitor or Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitor. Verubecestat is a promising novel therapeutic drug candidate in Alzheimer's disease. Verubecestat reduced Aβ cerebral spinal fluids (CSF) levels up to 92% and was well tolerated by patients.

Pranidipine, also known as OPC-13340 and FRC 8411, is a potent and selective calcium channel blocker potentially for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Pranidipine enhances nitric oxide-induced vascular relaxation. pranidipine prevents the left ventricular remodeling process accompanied by systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and inhibits abnormal cardiac gene expression after myocardial infarction.

Cefiderocol, also known as S-649266, is a potent siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with a catechol moiety on the 3-position side chain. S-649266 shows potent in vitro activity against the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, including MDR strains such as carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and metallo-β-lactamase-producing P. aeruginosa. S-649266 showed potent in vitro activities against A. baumannii producing carbapenemases such as OXA-type β-lactamases, and P. aeruginosa producing metallo-β-lactamases such as IMP type and VIM type. FDA approved this drug in 11/14/2019 To treat patients with complicated urinary tract infections who have limited or no alternative treatment options

Ertiprotafib, also known as PTP-112, is a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor (PTP1B inhibitor). Ertiprotafib normalized the plasma glucose and insulin levels in diabetic animal models, and progressed to a phase II clinical trial. Ertiprotafib is potentially useful for the treatment of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Ertiprotafib improves glycemic control and lowers lipids via multiple mechanisms. Ertiprotafib is also a potent inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta (IKK-beta), with an IC(50) of 400nM.

Norharmane is a β-Carboline alkaloid that is widespread in plants and animals, and frequently act as benzodiazepine inverse agonists. Norharmane showed a potent inhibition against α-glucosidase enzyme in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.27 mM for maltase and 0.41 mM for sucrase, respectively. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that norharman inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme uncompetitively, with a Ki value of 0.13 mM.

Sodium phenylbutyrate is used to treat urea cycle disorders, because its metabolites offer an alternative pathway to the urea cycle to allow excretion of excess nitrogen. It is an orphan drug, marketed by Ucyclyd Pharma under the trade name Buphenyl, by Swedish Orphan International (Sweden) as Ammonaps, and by Fyrlkl?vern Scandinavia as triButyrate. Sodium phenylbutyrate is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor and chemical chaperone, leading respectively to research into its use as an anti-cancer agent and in protein misfolding diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

Etelcalcetide is a calcium-sensing receptor agonist for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Etelcalcetide is administered intravenously at the end of each dialysis session. It functions by binding to and activating the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the parathyroid gland as an allosteric activator, resulting in PTH reduction and suppression. Elevated PTH is often observe in patients with CKD. AMG 416 is in clinic trials for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients.

Kebuzone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Kebuzone also known shown analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory activities. Kebuzone acts by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

Lumiracoxib, also known as CGS 35189 and COX 189, is a COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, manufactured by Novartis and still sold in few countries, including Mexico, Ecuador and the Dominican Republic, under the trade name Prexige. Since its original approval, lumiracoxib has been withdrawn from the market in several countries, mostly due to its potential for causing liver failure (sometimes requiring liver transplantation). It has never been approved for use in the United States.

Cimicoxib, aslo known as UR-8880, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in veterinary medicine to treat dogs for pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and for the management of pain and inflammation associated with surgery. It acts as a COX-2 inhibitor.

Emeramide, also known as NBMI, BDTH2 or N,N'-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide, is a mercury/heavy metal chelator. Emeramide molecule consists of two thiol groups and linked via a pair of amide groups. NBMI can be used to chelate heavy metals like lead, cadmium, copper, manganese, zinc, iron, and mercury from ground water, coal tailings, gold ore, waste water of battery-recycling plants, and contaminated soil.

Glycerol phenylbutyrate, also known as HPN-100, is under trials in the treatment of certain inborn urea cycle disorders. The medication works by preventing the harmful buildup of ammonia in the body. Ammonia is a neurotoxic agent that is primarily generated in the intestine and detoxified in the liver. Toxic increases in systemic ammonia levels predominantly result from an inherited or acquired impairment in hepatic detoxification and lead to potentially life-threatening neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Fiboflapon, also known as AM-803 and GSK2190915, is a potent, oral, once daily FLAP inhibitor (5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor). GSK2190915 attenuated the early (0-2 h) and late (4-10 h) asthmatic responses to inhaled allergen compared with placebo. GSK2190915 shows potential as a treatment for patients with asthma. Efficacy was demonstrated for GSK2190915 30 mg compared with placebo in day-time symptom scores and day-time SABA use.

Levoglucose, also known as L-Glucose, is the L-isomer of glucose. It is the enantiomer of the more common D-glucose. L-Glucose does not occur naturally in higher living organisms, but can be synthesized in the laboratory. L-Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from D-glucose, but cannot be used by living organisms as source of energy because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Levoglucose may be used as diagnostic aid.

Arhalofenate, also known as JNJ-39659100 and MBX102, ) is a selective, partial PPAR-γ agonist that lowers glucose in the absence of some of the side effects, such as weight gain and edema, that are observed with the TZDs. Arhalofenate also displays pronounced triglyceride lowering in preclinical rodent models and in humans.

Indeglitazar, also known as PPM-204 and PLX-204, is an orally available peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan-agonist for all three PPAR subtypes alpha (α), delta (δ) and gamma under development for for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Drinabant, also known as AVE1625, is a selective CB1 receptor antagonist under investigation varyingly as a treatment for obesity, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and nicotine dependence. AVE1625 may be useful to treat the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and as a co-treatment with currently available antipsychotics. In addition, an improved side-effect profile was seen, with potential to ameliorate the EPS and weight gain issues with currently available treatments.